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Physio 202 lab > Unit 2 Lab 4 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Lab 4 Flashcards

1
Q

where are antigens found

A

on surface of erythrocytes

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2
Q

what do antigens do?

A

produce an immune response

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3
Q

where are antibodies found

A

in plasma

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4
Q

what do antibodies do?

A

inhibit or strop the antigen and its cell

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5
Q

if you have type A blood what antibody do you have?

A

anti-B antibody

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6
Q

if you have type B blood what antibody do you have?

A

anti-A antibody

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7
Q

if you have type AB blood what antibody do you have?

A

none

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8
Q

if you have type O blood what antibody do you have?

A

both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

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9
Q

what is an Rh antigen?

A

another surface membrane molecule on erythrocyes

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10
Q

If you are Rh+ what does that mean?

A

there are Rh antigens on erythrocytes but the blood DOES NOT contain anti-Rh antibodies

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11
Q

if you are Rh- what does that mean?

A

you don’t have Rh antigen on erythrocyte and blood does not contain anti-Rh antibodies unless person is exposed to Rh antigen

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12
Q

how can a person be exposed to the Rh antigen?

A

childbirth, blood transfusions, sharing needles

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13
Q

what is RhoGAM?

A

given before and after delivery to prevent mother from making Rh antibodies

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14
Q

what are some functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • provides for gas exchange and works with the cardiovascular system
  • regulates blood pH -contains receptors for sense of smell
  • filters air
  • produces sounds
  • rids the body of some water and heat through expired air
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15
Q

what are the main organs of the respiratory system

A
  • nose
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
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16
Q

what are the two parts to anatomical distinction?

A

upper and lower respiratory system

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17
Q

what Is in the upper respiratory system

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, associated structures

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18
Q

what is in the lower respiratory system

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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19
Q

what are the two parts to physiological distinction?

A

the conducting zone and the respiratory zone

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20
Q

what happens in the conduction zone?

A
  • filters, warms, and moistens air

- conducts that air into the lungs

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21
Q

what structures are in the conducting zone?

A

-nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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22
Q

what happens in the respiratory zone?

A

site of gas exchange

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23
Q

what structures are in the respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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24
Q

what is the function of the nose

A

warms, humidifies and filters air

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25
Q

what is the nose composed of

A

bone (base) and hyaline cartilage (anterior)

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26
Q

what are the external nares in the nose?

A

opening for air to enter nasal cavity

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27
Q

what is the nasal cavity in the nose lined with

A

mucous membrane

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28
Q

what does the nasal septum do in the nose

A

separates right and left nasal cavity

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29
Q

what “malfunctions” stem from the nasal septum?

A

nosebleeds and deviated septums

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30
Q

what are the turbinates/conchae in the nose?

A

curved bony structures in nasal cavity

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31
Q

what are the three types of turbinates/conchae

A

superior, middle, inferior

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32
Q

what does the meatus in the nose do?

A

increases surface area and warms and humidifies air

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33
Q

what are the three types of meatuses?

A

superior, middle, and inferior

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34
Q

what is the hard palate in the nose?

A

bony, forms floor of nasal cavity

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35
Q

what are the internal nares in the nose

A

openings that lead into nasopharynx

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36
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

the throat

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37
Q

what are the three regions of the pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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38
Q

where does the nasopharynx begin and end?

A

begins at internal nares and ends at soft palate

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39
Q

where does the oropharynx begin and end

A

begins at the soft palate and ends at the hyoid bone

40
Q

where does the laryngopharynx begin and end

A

begins at the hyoid bone and ends at esophagus

41
Q

what is the soft palate in the pharynx?

A

posterior extension of hard palate

42
Q

what in the uvula un the pharynx and what is its purpose?

A

it dangled inferiorly as an extension of the soft palate, it is used in swallowing

43
Q

what are paranasal sinuses?

A

cavities that warms and moisten air; drain into nasal cavity

44
Q

what are the parts to the paranasal sinuses

A

frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, ethmoidal sinus, sphenoidal sinus

45
Q

what do auditory tubes do

A

connect ear to nasopharynx

46
Q

what are the three types of tonsils

A
  • pharyngeal tonsil
  • palatine tonsils
  • lingual tonsils
47
Q

what is the larynx

A

the voicebox

48
Q

what is the glottis

A

opening into larynx

49
Q

what are the paired cartilages in the larynx

A

arytenoid cartilages, cuneiform cartilages, conriculate cartilages

50
Q

where are the paired cartilages located?

A

posterior wall of larynx

51
Q

what are the three single cartilages

A
  • thyroid cartilages
  • cricoid cartilages
  • epiglottis
52
Q

what is in the thyroid cartilage

A
  • adams apple

- largest of the single cartilages

53
Q

what are some attributes to cricoid cartilage

A
  • complete ring

- larger on posterior side

54
Q

what are some attributes to the epiglottis?

A
  • closes over glottis

- elastic cartilage

55
Q

what structures helps produce your voice?

A

ventricular folds/vestibular folds/false vocal cords and vocal folds/ true vocal cords

56
Q

where are your ventricular folds/vestibular folds/false vocal cords located?

A

superior and lateral

57
Q

where are your vocal folds/ true vocal cords located

A

inferior and medial

  • attached to arytenoid cartilages via small muscles
  • laryngitis
58
Q

what is your trachea

A

windpipe

59
Q

what is the function of the trachea

A

tubular passageway for air

60
Q

where is the trachea located

A

extends from larynx and divides into primary bronchi

-anterior to esophagus

61
Q

what does trachealis muscle do

A

changes diameter of trachea during inhalation and exhalation
-coughing and choking

62
Q

what is the apex of the lungs

A

rounded superior part

63
Q

what is the base of the lungs

A

the broader inferior part

64
Q

what is the hilum in the lungs

A

the medial side of the lungs

65
Q

what does the hilum do?

A

entrance and exit area for bronchi, blood supply, lymphatic vessel, and nerves

66
Q

what structures are in the right lung

A

the superior, middle and inferior lobe

67
Q

what structures are in the left lung

A

superior lobe, inferior m=lobe, and cardiac notch

68
Q

what is the cardiac notch

A

concave surface where apex of the heart lies

69
Q

what is the function of the pleural membranes

A

encloses and protects lungs

70
Q

what are the two parts that make up the serous membrane in the pleural membrance

A

visceral pleura and parietal pleural

71
Q

what does the visceral pleura cover

A

surface of each lung

72
Q

what does the parietal pleura line

A

lines the thoracic cavity wall

73
Q

what is the pleural cavity

A

the space between visceral and parietal pleura

74
Q

what is the function of the pleural cavity

A

it contains pleural fluid that reduces friction during inhalation and exhalation

75
Q

what is the bronchial tree

A

trachea> primary bronchi> secondary bronchi> tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > terminal bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveolar sacs > alveoli

76
Q

what is a carina in the bronchial tree?

A

where trachea splits into right and left primary bronchi

77
Q

what are the changes from bronchi to bronchioles?

A
  • diameter of airway decreases
  • changes in epithelium
  • change from cartilage to smooth muscle
78
Q

how does smoking affect the respiratory system?

A
  • nicotine constricts terminal bronchioles
  • hemoglobin has a greater affinity for CO than O2
  • increased mucus secretion and swelling of mucosal lining
  • destruction of elastic fibers-emphysema
  • reduces mucociliary clearance
79
Q

what is mucociliary clearance

A

defense mechanism to protect lungs from pollutants allergens and pathogens where chili and mucous (goblet cells) work together to remove inhaled particles from lungs

80
Q

where does cilia move foreign particles?

A

the cilia in nasal cavity and bronchial tree move it to oropharynx

81
Q

what happens in smokers lung

A

cilia become paralyzed and bedrid is not cleared

82
Q

what happens in extensive smoking (long-term)

A

changes in tissue type (metaplasia) from pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium (no cilia)

83
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing (macroscopic)

-moving air between atmosphere and lungs

84
Q

what is pulmonary respiration

A
  • external respiration, internal respiration, cellular respiration
  • microscopic
85
Q

what happens in external respiration

A

movement of O2 and Co2 between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

86
Q

what happens in internal respiration

A

movement of O2 and CO2 between capillaries and tissues

87
Q

what happens in cellular respiration

A

cells use O2 to create ATP

88
Q

what happens in pulmonary ventilation

A

air moves from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower presure

89
Q

what are the pressure changes that happen in inhalation>

A

intrapleural pressure decreases and alveolar pressure decreases

90
Q

what are the pressure changes that happen in exhalation

A

alevolar pressure increases and intrapleural pressure increases

91
Q

what is the definition of intrapleural pressure

A

pressure between the two pleural layer

92
Q

what is the definition of alveolar pressure

A

pressure inside the lugs

93
Q

what is a pneumothroax

A
  • air enters pleural cavity> intrapleural pressure increases> lung collapses
  • open valve> air escapes> intrapleural pressure decreases > inhales
  • close valve> intrapleural pressure increases> exhales
94
Q

what are the muscles in quiet inhalation

A

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract

95
Q

what muscles are in forced inhalation

A

diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectorals minor contract

96
Q

what muscles are in quiet exhalation

A

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax

97
Q

what muscles are in forced exhalation

A

diaphragm relaxes, external intercostal muscles relax, interval intercostal muscles contact, abdominal muscles contract

Physio 202 lab (12 decks)

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