Unit 2 Lab 4 Flashcards
1
Q
where are antigens found
A
on surface of erythrocytes
2
Q
what do antigens do?
A
produce an immune response
3
Q
where are antibodies found
A
in plasma
4
Q
what do antibodies do?
A
inhibit or strop the antigen and its cell
5
Q
if you have type A blood what antibody do you have?
A
anti-B antibody
6
Q
if you have type B blood what antibody do you have?
A
anti-A antibody
7
Q
if you have type AB blood what antibody do you have?
A
none
8
Q
if you have type O blood what antibody do you have?
A
both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
9
Q
what is an Rh antigen?
A
another surface membrane molecule on erythrocyes
10
Q
If you are Rh+ what does that mean?
A
there are Rh antigens on erythrocytes but the blood DOES NOT contain anti-Rh antibodies
11
Q
if you are Rh- what does that mean?
A
you don’t have Rh antigen on erythrocyte and blood does not contain anti-Rh antibodies unless person is exposed to Rh antigen
12
Q
how can a person be exposed to the Rh antigen?
A
childbirth, blood transfusions, sharing needles
13
Q
what is RhoGAM?
A
given before and after delivery to prevent mother from making Rh antibodies
14
Q
what are some functions of the respiratory system?
A
- provides for gas exchange and works with the cardiovascular system
- regulates blood pH -contains receptors for sense of smell
- filters air
- produces sounds
- rids the body of some water and heat through expired air
15
Q
what are the main organs of the respiratory system
A
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
16
Q
what are the two parts to anatomical distinction?
A
upper and lower respiratory system
17
Q
what Is in the upper respiratory system
A
nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, associated structures
18
Q
what is in the lower respiratory system
A
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
19
Q
what are the two parts to physiological distinction?
A
the conducting zone and the respiratory zone
20
Q
what happens in the conduction zone?
A
- filters, warms, and moistens air
- conducts that air into the lungs
21
Q
what structures are in the conducting zone?
A
-nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
22
Q
what happens in the respiratory zone?
A
site of gas exchange
23
Q
what structures are in the respiratory zone
A
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
24
Q
what is the function of the nose
A
warms, humidifies and filters air
25
what is the nose composed of
bone (base) and hyaline cartilage (anterior)
26
what are the external nares in the nose?
opening for air to enter nasal cavity
27
what is the nasal cavity in the nose lined with
mucous membrane
28
what does the nasal septum do in the nose
separates right and left nasal cavity
29
what "malfunctions" stem from the nasal septum?
nosebleeds and deviated septums
30
what are the turbinates/conchae in the nose?
curved bony structures in nasal cavity
31
what are the three types of turbinates/conchae
superior, middle, inferior
32
what does the meatus in the nose do?
increases surface area and warms and humidifies air
33
what are the three types of meatuses?
superior, middle, and inferior
34
what is the hard palate in the nose?
bony, forms floor of nasal cavity
35
what are the internal nares in the nose
openings that lead into nasopharynx
36
what is the pharynx?
the throat
37
what are the three regions of the pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
38
where does the nasopharynx begin and end?
begins at internal nares and ends at soft palate
39
where does the oropharynx begin and end
begins at the soft palate and ends at the hyoid bone
40
where does the laryngopharynx begin and end
begins at the hyoid bone and ends at esophagus
41
what is the soft palate in the pharynx?
posterior extension of hard palate
42
what in the uvula un the pharynx and what is its purpose?
it dangled inferiorly as an extension of the soft palate, it is used in swallowing
43
what are paranasal sinuses?
cavities that warms and moisten air; drain into nasal cavity
44
what are the parts to the paranasal sinuses
frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, ethmoidal sinus, sphenoidal sinus
45
what do auditory tubes do
connect ear to nasopharynx
46
what are the three types of tonsils
- pharyngeal tonsil
- palatine tonsils
- lingual tonsils
47
what is the larynx
the voicebox
48
what is the glottis
opening into larynx
49
what are the paired cartilages in the larynx
arytenoid cartilages, cuneiform cartilages, conriculate cartilages
50
where are the paired cartilages located?
posterior wall of larynx
51
what are the three single cartilages
- thyroid cartilages
- cricoid cartilages
- epiglottis
52
what is in the thyroid cartilage
- adams apple
| - largest of the single cartilages
53
what are some attributes to cricoid cartilage
- complete ring
| - larger on posterior side
54
what are some attributes to the epiglottis?
- closes over glottis
| - elastic cartilage
55
what structures helps produce your voice?
ventricular folds/vestibular folds/false vocal cords and vocal folds/ true vocal cords
56
where are your ventricular folds/vestibular folds/false vocal cords located?
superior and lateral
57
where are your vocal folds/ true vocal cords located
inferior and medial
- attached to arytenoid cartilages via small muscles
- laryngitis
58
what is your trachea
windpipe
59
what is the function of the trachea
tubular passageway for air
60
where is the trachea located
extends from larynx and divides into primary bronchi
| -anterior to esophagus
61
what does trachealis muscle do
changes diameter of trachea during inhalation and exhalation
-coughing and choking
62
what is the apex of the lungs
rounded superior part
63
what is the base of the lungs
the broader inferior part
64
what is the hilum in the lungs
the medial side of the lungs
65
what does the hilum do?
entrance and exit area for bronchi, blood supply, lymphatic vessel, and nerves
66
what structures are in the right lung
the superior, middle and inferior lobe
67
what structures are in the left lung
superior lobe, inferior m=lobe, and cardiac notch
68
what is the cardiac notch
concave surface where apex of the heart lies
69
what is the function of the pleural membranes
encloses and protects lungs
70
what are the two parts that make up the serous membrane in the pleural membrance
visceral pleura and parietal pleural
71
what does the visceral pleura cover
surface of each lung
72
what does the parietal pleura line
lines the thoracic cavity wall
73
what is the pleural cavity
the space between visceral and parietal pleura
74
what is the function of the pleural cavity
it contains pleural fluid that reduces friction during inhalation and exhalation
75
what is the bronchial tree
trachea> primary bronchi> secondary bronchi> tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > terminal bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveolar sacs > alveoli
76
what is a carina in the bronchial tree?
where trachea splits into right and left primary bronchi
77
what are the changes from bronchi to bronchioles?
- diameter of airway decreases
- changes in epithelium
- change from cartilage to smooth muscle
78
how does smoking affect the respiratory system?
- nicotine constricts terminal bronchioles
- hemoglobin has a greater affinity for CO than O2
- increased mucus secretion and swelling of mucosal lining
- destruction of elastic fibers-emphysema
- reduces mucociliary clearance
79
what is mucociliary clearance
defense mechanism to protect lungs from pollutants allergens and pathogens where chili and mucous (goblet cells) work together to remove inhaled particles from lungs
80
where does cilia move foreign particles?
the cilia in nasal cavity and bronchial tree move it to oropharynx
81
what happens in smokers lung
cilia become paralyzed and bedrid is not cleared
82
what happens in extensive smoking (long-term)
changes in tissue type (metaplasia) from pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium (no cilia)
83
what is pulmonary ventilation
breathing (macroscopic)
| -moving air between atmosphere and lungs
84
what is pulmonary respiration
- external respiration, internal respiration, cellular respiration
- microscopic
85
what happens in external respiration
movement of O2 and Co2 between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
86
what happens in internal respiration
movement of O2 and CO2 between capillaries and tissues
87
what happens in cellular respiration
cells use O2 to create ATP
88
what happens in pulmonary ventilation
air moves from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower presure
89
what are the pressure changes that happen in inhalation>
intrapleural pressure decreases and alveolar pressure decreases
90
what are the pressure changes that happen in exhalation
alevolar pressure increases and intrapleural pressure increases
91
what is the definition of intrapleural pressure
pressure between the two pleural layer
92
what is the definition of alveolar pressure
pressure inside the lugs
93
what is a pneumothroax
- air enters pleural cavity> intrapleural pressure increases> lung collapses
- open valve> air escapes> intrapleural pressure decreases > inhales
- close valve> intrapleural pressure increases> exhales
94
what are the muscles in quiet inhalation
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
95
what muscles are in forced inhalation
diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectorals minor contract
96
what muscles are in quiet exhalation
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax
97
what muscles are in forced exhalation
diaphragm relaxes, external intercostal muscles relax, interval intercostal muscles contact, abdominal muscles contract
