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Physio 202 lab > Unit 1 Lab 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Lab 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • delivers O2 and nutrients to tissues
  • picks up CO2 and wastes from tissues
  • transports hormones
  • helps regulate body temperature
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2
Q

what is the cardiovascular system made of

A
  • heart
  • blood vessels
  • blood
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3
Q

what happens in systemic circulation

A

blood travels to body tissues

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4
Q

what happens in pulmonary circulation

A

blood travels to lungs

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5
Q

what happens in coronary circulation

A

blood travels to cardiac tissue

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6
Q

what do arteries do

A

carry blood away from the heart

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7
Q

what do veins do

A

carry blood to the heart

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8
Q

what are some physical characteristics of the heart

A
  • size of a fist
  • cone-shaped
  • about 2/3 lies to the left of the thoracic midline
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9
Q

where are the lung in relation to the heart

A

lateral

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10
Q

where do the sternum and ribs lie in relation to the heart

A

anteriorly

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11
Q

where do the thoracic vertebrae lie in relation to the heart?

A

posteriorly

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12
Q

where does the diaphragm lie in relation to the heart?

A

inferiorly

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13
Q

what is the base

A

wide superior portion

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14
Q

what forms the base?

A

the atria

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15
Q

what is the apex

A

narrow inferior portion of the heart

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16
Q

what forms the apex?

A

the left ventricle

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17
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A
  • right atrium
  • left atrium
  • right ventricle
  • left ventricle
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18
Q

what are sulci?

A

grooves in the heart

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19
Q

what are the 3 sulci in the heart?

A
  • coronary sulcus
  • anterior interventricular sulcus
  • posterior interventricular sulcus
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20
Q

what does the coronary sulcus divide?

A
  • marks the boundary between atria and ventricles

- encircles most of the heart

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21
Q

what does the anterior interventricular sulcus divide?

A

marks boundary between ventricles on the anterior surface of the heart

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22
Q

what does the posterior interventricular sulcus divide?

A

marks boundary between ventricles on the posterior surface of the heart

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23
Q

what are the 3 great vessels of the heart?

A
  • superior vena cava
  • inferior vena cava
  • coronary sinus
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24
Q

what do the great vessels do?

A

they return deoxygenated blood back to heart (into right atrium)

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25
Q

what does the aorta do?

A

distributes oxygenated blood to systemic circulation (from left ventricle)

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26
Q

what do the pulmonary trunk and the pulmonary arteries do?

A

carry deoxygenated blood to lungs (from right ventricle)

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27
Q

what do the pulmonary veins do?

A

returns oxygenated blood to the heart (into left atrium)

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28
Q

what are left and right auricles?

A

extensions of atria

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29
Q

what is the function of auricles?

A

serves as a pouch coming off atria to provide as extra space for atria in case cardiac output or stroke volume increases

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30
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart wall starting from innermost layer?

A

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

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31
Q

what does the endocardium cover?

A

lines inside chambers and covers valves

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32
Q

what is myocardium?

A

thick cardiac muscle tissue

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33
Q

what is pericardium?

A

membrane that surrounds and protects the heart?

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34
Q

what are the two layers of pericardium?

A

serous pericardium and fibrous pericardium

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35
Q

what is the visceral layer of serous pericardium?

A

epicardium

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36
Q

what is the pericardial cavity and where is it located?

A

in the serous pericardium it contains serous fluid

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37
Q

what is the function of the serous fluid?

A

to reduce friction

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38
Q

why is endocardium so smooth?

A

so blood can flow smoothly to reduce friction

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39
Q

what does fibrous pericardium do

A

it attaches to diaphragm and secures heart to mediastinum

40
Q

what makes up the septum?

A
  • interatrial septum
  • foramen ovale
  • fossa ovalis
  • interventricular septum
41
Q

what is the interatrial septum

A

a thin wall separating right and left atria

42
Q

what is the foramen ovale

A

a fetal structure creating shunt from right to left heart

43
Q

what is the fossa ovalis

A

membrane that forms over and covers foramen vale after birth

44
Q

what are the ridges in the heart

A
  • right atrium and auricles

- ventricles

45
Q

what structure is in the right atrium and auricles

A

pectinate muscles

46
Q

what structures are in the ventricles

A
  • trabeculae carnae
  • papillary muscles
  • chordae tendinae
47
Q

what are papillary muscles

A

finger like projections from trabeculae carnae

48
Q

what is chordae tendinae

A

string like cords attached to papillary muscles and AV vlaves

49
Q

what are the two valves of the heart

A
  • atrioventricular valves (AV valves)

- semilunar valves

50
Q

what is in the atrioventricular valves?

A

tricuspid valve and the bicuspid or mitral valve

51
Q

where is the tricuspid valve located

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

52
Q

where is the bicuspid valve located

A

between left atrium and left ventricle

53
Q

what is in the semilunar valves

A
  • pulmonary valve

- aortic valve

54
Q

where is the pulmonary valve located

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

55
Q

where is the aortic valve located

A

between left ventricle and aorta

56
Q

what is the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation?

A

systemic is through the body

pulmonary is through the lungs

57
Q

what is the general blood circulation path in systemic circulation

A

left ventricle -> body tissues -> right atrium

58
Q

what is the general blood circulation oath in pulmonary circulation

A

right ventricle -> lungs -> left atrium

59
Q

what does each circulation contain?

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

60
Q

what does the circumflex branch do?

A

irrigates the left side of heart

61
Q

what does the anterior interventricular branch do?

A

irrigates anterior side of both ventricles

62
Q

what does the posterior interventricular branch do?

A

irrigates posterior side of both ventricles

63
Q

what does the marginal branch do?

A

irrigates anterior right side of right ventricles

64
Q

what do arteries generally do?

A

irrigate

65
Q

what do veins generally do

A

drain

66
Q

what does the small cardiac vein do

A

drains right anterior heart

67
Q

what does middle cardiac vein do

A

drains posterior heart

68
Q

what does the great cardiac vein do

A

drains left anterior heart

69
Q

what is cardiac muscle made of?

A

striated branching cells with 1-2 nuclei

70
Q

what are intercalated disks

A

contain desmosomes that hold cardiac fibers together

71
Q

what do gap junctions do

A

allow APs to spread from cell to cell

72
Q

what is 1 cardiac cycle equivalent to?

A

1 heartbeat

73
Q

what happens in atrial and ventricular systole?

A

contraction

74
Q

what happens in contraction?

A

pressure within chamber increases and ejects blood

75
Q

what happens in atrial and ventricular diastole?

A

relaxation

76
Q

what happens in relaxation?

A

pressure within chamber is low and blood fills chamber

77
Q

how is the hear continuously beating?

A

autorhythmic cells and autonomic nervous system and hormones

78
Q

what are auto rhythmic cells

A

excitable cells that generate action potentials that trigger heart contractions

79
Q

what do autoryhthmic cells prompt?

A

intrinsic stimulation

80
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system and hormones prompt?

A

extrinsic stimulation

81
Q

how does the autonomic nervous system contribute to helping the heart beat continuously?

A

parasympathetic division helps slow heart rate to normal

82
Q

what is the pacemaker and what does it do?

A

the SA node, it initiates APs

83
Q

what happens in the conduction system?

A

SA (sinoatrial) node -> AV node -> bundle of his -> right and left bundle branches -> purkinje fibers

84
Q

what is an ECG and what does it stand for?

A
  • electrocardiogram

- gives a recording of the electrical activity of the heart

85
Q

what is a P wave in an ECG?

A

atrial depolarization

86
Q

what is a QRX complex in an ECG?

A

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

87
Q

what is a T wave in an ECG

A

ventricular repolarization

88
Q

what is a P-Q interval?

A

the time it takes for electrical conduction to travel through atria and reach purkinje fibers

89
Q

what is the S-T segment in an ECG?

A

full ventricular depolarization and contraction of ventricles

90
Q

what is the Q-T interval in an ECG?

A

ventricular depolarization to ventricular repolarization

91
Q

what is it called on an ECG when the persons heart rate is abnormally LOW?

A

bradycardia

92
Q

what is it called on an ECG when the persons heart rate is abnormally HIGH?

A

tachycardia

93
Q

what is auscultation?

A

listening to body sounds

94
Q

when doctors use a stethoscope what is the lubb dubb, lubb dubb sound heard from

A

blood striking against closed valve

95
Q

what is happening during the 1st sound “the lubb”?

A
  • AV valved close

- ventricular systole

96
Q

what is happening during the 2nd sound “the dubb”?

A
  • SL valves close

- ventricular diastole

Physio 202 lab (12 decks)

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