Unit 2 L8 Control of Respiration

Question 1

Two main tasks for control of respiration

Answer 1

1) Establish automatic rhythmic breathing

2) Accommodate changing demand

Question 2

Control of Respiration love triangle

Answer 2

First, the sensors (chemoreceptors, lung and other receptors) will send input to the central controller, which is the pons, medulla, and other parts of the brain. This then sends the output towards the effectors, which is the respiratory muscles. These muscles can then send signals to the sensors and the triangle goes again

Question 3

What are the central controller for the control of respiration

Answer 3

Pons, medulla, and other parts of the brain

Question 4

Major sites of respiratory control, automatic respiration

Answer 4

1) Respiratory control center
2) Central chemoreceptors
3) Peripheral chemoreceptors
4) Pulmonary mechanoreceptors/sensory nerves

Question 5

Major sites of respiratory control: voluntary respiration

Answer 5

Motor cortex –> Corticospinal tracts

Question 6

What is responsible for central pattern generation?

Answer 6

Neural networks and/or pacemakers in the medulla

Question 7

Eupnea

Answer 7

Normal rhythmic breathing via altering inspiratory/expiratory neuron activity

Question 8

What nerve drives the diaphragm

Answer 8

The phrenic nerve

Question 9

External intercostal muscles are innervated by what nerve

Answer 9

Intercostal nerve

Question 10

Larynx/Pharynx muscle innervated by

Answer 10

Vagus and glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 11

Tongue is innervated by

Answer 11

Hypoglossal

Question 12

Internal Intercostals are innervated by

Answer 12

Intercostal

Question 13

Abdominal muscles are innervated by

Answer 13

Spinal nerve

Question 14

Carotid and aortic bodies will respond to ______

Answer 14

Blood gasses

Question 15

Inside of the airways are ________ receptors, to stop us from overinflating the lungs

Answer 15

Stretch receptors

Question 16

Central Chemoreceptors

Answer 16

Primarily respond to arterial hypercapnia-driven respiratory acidosis. Located on ventrolateral surface of the medulla oblongata, and sensitive to changes in pH in CSF

Question 17

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 17

Respond to decreases in PO2 and pH, as well as increases in PCO2. The only chemoreceptors that respond to changes in PO2

Question 18

Glomus cells

Answer 18

Neuro-like clusters of cells responsible for chemoreception. Contains various ion channels (K+) to respond to changes. Release of neurotransmitters, and signals to medulla/DRG

Question 19

Peripheral chemoreceptors are responsible for _________ % of the ventilatory response to __________

Answer 19

FOr 20-40% of ventilatory response to CO2

Question 20

Peripheral chemorecptors are activated by

Answer 20

Low PaO2 (hypoxemia)

Question 21

Pulmonary stretch receptors

Answer 21

Prevents lungs from over-inflation
Within smooth muscles of airways
Inflation of the lung inhibits inspiratory muscle activity (via vagus nerve)

Question 22

Hering-Breuer Inflation Reflex

Answer 22

When inflation of the lung inhibits inspiratory muscle activity via the vagus nerve

Question 23

Irritant receptors

Answer 23

Rapidly adapting stretch receptors. Thought to lie between airway epithelial cells. Stimulated by noxious gases, cigarette smoke, dust, and cold air. Impulses travel through the vagus nerve, and may play a role in asthma

Question 24

J receptors and bronchial C fibers

Answer 24

Respond to chemicals in the pulmonary (J receptors) and bronchial (C fibers) circulation. In alveoli and conducting airways, also mechanically stimulated. probably defensive, associated with increased mucus secretion, bronchoconstriction, and induced rapid shallow breathing

Question 25

Nose/upper airway receptors

Answer 25

Activated during diving, aspiration, sneeze reflex, and various chemical stimuli

Question 26

Sighs and Yawns

Answer 26

Slow deep inspiration with long exhale. Rescues collapsed airways/alveoli, initiates surfactant release, and transient fluidization of airway smooth muscle cytoskeleton

Question 27

Cough and sneeze

Answer 27

Forced effort against closed glottis. Sudden opening of glottis. Massive pressure gradient from lower to upper airways. Tracheal constriction via muscles and transmural pressure difference lead to high velocity flow

Question 28

Response to CO2 can be reduced from

Answer 28

Sleep, aging, trained athletes/divers, drugs, and if work of breathing is increased

Question 29

Dyspnea

Answer 29

Difficulty breathing. Altered blood gasses (low PO2, high PCO2), exercise, and claustrophobia, panic attack, etc

Question 30

Obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 30

Pleural pressure continues but airflow stalls because there is a closing of upper airways. Will keep going through pattern generation until CO2 builds up enough, kicks pH into central chemoreceptors, turns on phrenic nerve to pull diaphragm enough to open the system

Question 31

Central sleep apnea

Answer 31

Problem with neuronal communication with system, pleural pressure drops