Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FHB Mikayla > Unit 2 L10 Introduction to the Renal System > Flashcards

Unit 2 L10 Introduction to the Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 function of the kidneys?

A

1) To keep the body in homeostasis by having constant volume and composition of the body fluids
2) Excretory organs, they excrete substances that are in excess or that are harmful
3) Endocrine organs, they synthesize renin and erythropoietin, as well as active vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do the kidneys keep a constant volume and composition of the body fluids?

A

By regulation of electrolyte concentration, extracellular fluid volume, osmolarity, arterial blood pressure, pH, and acid base balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the broad view of the structure of the kidney?

A

Cortex, then medulla, then minor calyces, then major calyces, then the pelvis of ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many entrances and exits does one kidney have?

A

One entrance (renal artery) and two exits (renal vein and ureter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The nephron is what and how many are in each kidney

A

The nephron is the basic functional unit of the kidney and each kidney has 1 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The nephron consists of two main parts, what are they?

A

Vascular (glomerulus) and tubular (renal tubule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the components of the nephron?

A

Glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), thin descending limb, loop of Henle (LH), thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb, macula densa, distal convoluted tubule (DCT), cortical collecting duct, and inner medulla collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where in the nephron are there lots of mitochondria

A

The proximal tubule, the thick parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is it important to have lots of mitochondria and lots of invaginations in the surface of the proximal tubule?

A

To increase ability to re-absorb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Urine is first formed where in the kidney

A

In the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of the thick tubules in terms of urine

A

Active and passive processes in the thick tubules will modify the contents and the volume of the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Function of the thin tubule, in terms of urine

A

Passive processes and active urine flows in the thin tubules concentrate the medullary osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens before the urine is considered finished?

A

Urine in the collecting duct is reduced in volume and concentrated before being called finished urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the point of the macula densa

A

As urine passes the macula densa, that area can communicate with the glomerulus, it can change the glomerulus ability to filter. This is on a nephron to nephron basis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the basic structure and function of the glomerulus

A

Blood enters through the afferent arteriole and moves through the glomerulus capillaries, where it is filtered. Blood then leaves through the efferent arteriole. There are GJA cells, mostly on the afferent arteriole than the efferent arteriole, which secrete renin. There is also the macula densa cells of the distal tubule that interact with the glomerulus to help regulate the concentration of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the three barriers to filtration

A

1) Endothelium layer
2) GBM, which is negatively charged
3) Foot processes of podocytes form a slit diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two types of nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some features of cortical nephrons?

A

85% of total nephrons, they have a short loop of henle that penetrates the outer medulla, and the vascularization, the efferent arterioles go to the peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Features of the JGA nephrons

A

15% of total nephrons, with a long loop of henle that penerates the inner medulla. The vascularization of this type invovles the efferent arterioles that go to the vasa recta, and is essential for urine concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

On the collecting duct, what two types of cells do we have

A

Principal cells and intercalated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Definition of the JGA

A

A secretory structure located where the inital part of the DCT in contact with the glomerulus as it passes close to its afferent and efferent arterioels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Components of the JGA and their function

A

Juxtaglomerular cells, which are in afferent arterioles and secrete renin
Macula densa cells, in the DCT, sensors or detectors of flow rate and fluid composition
Extra glomerular mesangial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Function of the JGA

A

Renin is essential for autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are extra glomerular mesangial cells?

A

Continuous with the glomerular mesangial cells, but outside the Bowman’s capsule. They are smooth muscle cells and secrete the ECM, cytokines, and prostaglandins, and can influence GFR by contracting and reducing blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is different about renal vasculature?

A

Two sets of arterioles (afferent and efferent), two sets of capillaries (glomerular and peritubular) and there are many parallel pathways, so total renal vascular resistance is low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the normal value for renal blood flow (RBF)

A

1200 mL/min (25% of total CO)

27
Q

What is the normal rate for renal plasma flow (RPF)

A

660 mL/min (hematocrit of 45%)

28
Q

What is the normal rate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

125 mL/min

29
Q

What is the normal filtration fraction (FF) value

A

GFR/RPF = 125 mL/min / 660 mL/min = about 20%

30
Q

Which has a smaller diameter, efferent arterioles or afferent arterioles?

A

Efferent arterioles

31
Q

What is the consequence because of the smaller diameter for the efferent arterioles?

A

The glomerulus favors filtration

32
Q

Which arterioles receive more sympathetic innervation, afferent or efferent?

A

Afferent

33
Q

What are peritubular capillaries?

A

90% of RBF (cortical), and reabsorption of water and solutes from renal cortex

34
Q

What are vasa recta capillaries and function?

A

Vasa recta means straight vessels. 10% of RBF (medullary: 8% outer medulla; 2% inner medulla). Reabsorption of water and solutes from renal medulla

35
Q

Describe the innervation of the kidney

A

Sympathetic nerve fibers that originate in the celiac plexus, and NO parasympathetic innervation

36
Q

What does sympathetic innervation do for the kidney?

A

Regulates RBF, GFR, and salt and water reabsorption by the nephron. Will also innervate the renin-producing granular cells of the afferent arterioles. Renin secretion is stimulated by increased sympathetic activity. Innervation of the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct enhances sodium reabsorption by these nephron segments

37
Q

How much urine is normal per day?

A

600 to 2,500 mL/day

38
Q

What is the amber coloration of urine due to?

A

The pigment urochrome

39
Q

What does the dark amber color signify in urine?

A

A state of anti-diuresis (< 1 mL/min)

40
Q

What does pale amber signify in your urine?

A

A state of water diuresis ( > 1 mL/min)

41
Q

What is the average concentration of Na+ in the urine

A

50-130 mEq/L

42
Q

What is the average concentration of K+ in the urine

A

20-70 mEq/L

43
Q

What is the average concentration of ammonium in your urine?

A

30-50 mEq/L

44
Q

What is the average amount of Ca2+ in your urine?

A

5-12 mEq/L

45
Q

What is the average amount of Mg2+ in your urine?

A

2-18 mEq/L

46
Q

Average amount of Cl- in your urine

A

50-130 mEq/L

47
Q

Average amount of inorganic phosphate in your urine

A

20-40 mEq/L

48
Q

Average amount of urea in your urine

A

200-400 mM

49
Q

Average amount of creatinine in your urine

A

6-20 mM

50
Q

Average pH of your urine

A

5.0-7.0

51
Q

Average osmolality of your urine

A

500-800 mOsm/kg H2O

52
Q

Average amount of glucose in your urine

A

0

53
Q

Average amount of amino acids in your urine

A

0

54
Q

Average amount of protein in your urine

A

0

55
Q

Average amount of blood in your urine

A

0

56
Q

Average amount of ketones in your urine

A

0

57
Q

Average amount of leukocytes in your urien

A

0

58
Q

Average amount of Bilirubin in your urine

A

0

59
Q

What is the equation for basic renal excretory processes

A

F+S = R+E

60
Q

What is filtration

A

The process by which water and solutes in blood leave the vascular system passing through a filtration barrier to enter Bowman’s space
Movement from glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s space

61
Q

What is reabsorption

A

The process of moving substances from the tubular lumen across the cell into peritubular capillaries (active pumping)

62
Q

What is secretion

A

The process of moving substances from peritubular capillaries into the tubular (PCT, DCT, or CD) lumen (active pumping)

63
Q

What is excretion

A

The process of moving substances from renal papilla to the renal calyces to pelvis of ureter then on to the urinary bladder

64
Q

What are the 4 loads on the kidney

A

Filtered load, secreted load, reabsorbed load, and excreted load

FHB Mikayla (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions