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FHB Mikayla > Unit 2, L1, Functional Anatomy > Flashcards

Unit 2, L1, Functional Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Primary function of respiratory system

A

Gas exchange, O2 in and CO2 out

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2
Q

Secondary Functions of respiratory system

A 
Olfaction, communication
Barrier function
Host-defense - Immune functions
Blood filtration (removal of emboli)
Metabolic function
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3
Q

For a successful system, we need

A 
System to move air
Surface for gas exchange
Mechanisms to carry gasses in blood
System for moving blood
Local and central nervous regulation
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4
Q

External respiration is considered

A

Exchange of air in the lungs

O2 and CO2 are exhanged in alveoli

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5
Q

Internal respiration is considered

A

Mitochondria consuming O2 and producing CO2

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6
Q

Upper airways consists of

A

Nose, pharynx glottis, and vocal cords

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7
Q

Lower airways consists of

A

Trachea, bronchial tree, and alveoli

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8
Q

The airway system terminates in what (anatomy-wise)

A

Terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, and alevolar sacs

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9
Q

Major functions of the upper airways

A

Filter and condition inspired air, so increase temperature and humidiifu

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10
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of bypassing upper airways

A

Intubation (think COVID), trach, and cric

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11
Q

Anatomy of the lobes of the lungs

A

3 lobes on the right, 2 lobes on the left as you need room for the heart

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12
Q

Pleural space is between what two pleural (names)

A

Visceral pleura and parietal pleura

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13
Q

Parietal pleura structure and function

A

Outer wall of the lungs, contains systemic capillaries that releases ultrafiltrate of plasma, aka pleural fluid
Also has stomata and lymphatics that will drain fluid

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14
Q

Visceral pleura is located where on the lungs

A

Inner wall

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15
Q

Is there air in the pleural space?

A

Dear god I hope not

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16
Q

Function of pleural fluid

A

To lubricate, as we need to lubricate as we move back and forth (thats what she said)

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17
Q

Pleural space is what kind of pressure

A

Negative pressure

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18
Q

What can high protein in the pleural fluid tell us

A

Signs of inflammatory disease

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19
Q

What can low protein in pleural fluid tell us

A

Hydrostatic/oncotic imbalance

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20
Q

What is pleural effusion

A

Excess fluid in the pleural space

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21
Q

Difference between pleural effusion and pulmonary edema

A

Pleural effusion is excess fluid in the pleural space, while pulmonary edema is excess fluid in the lungs

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22
Q

Structural anatomy of trachea/bronchi consists of

A

Cartilage, for maintaining structure and protecting the airways, and smooth muscles, which is for constriction and flexibility

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23
Q

Which side of the bronchi tree do inhaled foreign bodies more commonly get lodged in? and why?

A

Right side, as there is a greater diameter for the right mainstem bronchus so inhaled foreign bodies more commonly end up in the right lung than the left

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24
Q

What is the carina?

A

First big division of the bronchi, where a lot of damage can occur

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25
Q

Bronchopulmonary segment is a

A

Functional anatomic unit

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26
Q

Respiratory unit is a

A

basic physiological unit

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27
Q

What is the flowchart from trachea to the end, for the airways?

A

Trachea, bronchi, nonrespiratory bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, and alveolar ducts

28
Q

What does the conducting airways consist of

A

Trachea, bronchi, and nonrespiratory bronchioles

29
Q

What does the respiratory unit consist of?

A

Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

30
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

In the respiratory unit, so in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

31
Q

Where does no gas exchange occur?

A

In the conducting airways so in the trachea, bronchi, and nonrespiratory bronchioles

32
Q

What is anatomical dead space and how much is it (volume)

A

Air that is not participating in gas exchange, its trapped in the conducting airways. Its about 150 mL

33
Q

Anatomy of the trachea/bronchus

A

Mucus and surfactact and the top, then epithelium, then basement membrane, then L. Propria (??), then a smooth muscle layer, and a fibro-cartilaginous layer

34
Q

Where is the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium layer?

A

In the trachea/bronchi, its a single layer with all touching basement membrane

35
Q

Function of goblet cells in the trachea/bronchi?

A

Mucus secretion

36
Q

Where are cuboidal cilitated epithelium layer found?

A

Bronchioles

37
Q

Function of club cells in the bronchioles?

A

Protective, they are secretory, secreting surfactant-like solutions, to remove toxins. Have stem cell properties

38
Q

Where can you find type I and type II pneumocytes and what do they look like/their function?

A

Alveoli, and type I pneumocytes cover most of the surface. They are squamous epithelium and they are very thin so we can transport O2 and CO2 back and forth. Type II are for surfactant secretion, they are cuboidal and may have some stem cell properties

39
Q

At what point in the airway system (trachea to alveolar sacs), do we we lose cilia?

A

There are some in the respiratorry bronchioles but there are none by the time we get to alveolar ducts

40
Q

At what point in the airway system (trachea to alveolar sacs) do we lose smooth muscle?

A

Some in the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts but lose it entirely by the time we get to the alveolar sacs

41
Q

At what point in the airway system (trachea to alveolar sacs) do we lose cartilage?

A

there are patches of cartilage in the bronchi but is completely gone by the bronchioles

42
Q

What is the terminal bronchiole?

A

The last bronchiole without alveoli, without gas exchange, so its the last bronchiole in the conducting zome

43
Q

Pulmonary arteries will travel (along or not-along) the airways

A

Along the airways

44
Q

Veins will travel (along or not-along) the airways

A

Not along, they go off and do their own thing

45
Q

Main goal of the respiratory zone and how does volume and surface area play into that

A

Main goal is to move O2 in and out and need a much bigger volume and surface area to do that

46
Q

Explain the water tension picture and the sphere

A

Force that the material is experiencing is an upward force, so that is what is stopping something from going downward into the water. With a sphere, its truly an inward force, with inward meaning towards the inside

47
Q

Explain alveolar surface tension

A

H2O molecules attract each other more than H2O-air on the surface, and this creates surface tension. This resists being stretched and tends to reduce surface area, and will create tendency to recoil after stretch. Surface tension is so high that alveoli/lungs would collapse without additional factors

48
Q

Laplace equation

A

Magnitude of inward directed pressure (P) in a bubble (alveolus) = 2*surface tension (T)/radius (r) of bubble (alveolus)

49
Q

Why do alveoli not collapse due to surface tension

A

Surfactant and interdependnece

50
Q

Function of surfactant

A

Normalizes the surface tension so we can maintain different bubbles of different shapes, so neighboring alveoli can distend during an inhale at the same rate

51
Q

Explain interdependnece in terms of alveoli stability

A

Two components, mechanically tethered and collateral ventilation. The tendency to collapse is opposed by the traction exerted by the surrounding neighbor alveoli. Collateral ventilation has to do with pores of Kohn, channels of lambert, and channels of martin, which basically connect everything

52
Q

Blood supply to the lungs is through what two vascular systems

A

Bronchial circulation (systemic) and pulmonary circulation

53
Q

Bronchial arteries help supply blood to the lungs how

A

From aorta to terminal bronchioles, merge with pulmonary arteries and capillaries, take 1-2% of total CO

54
Q

Bronchial veins in terms of bronchial circulation (rephrase this one eventually)

A

1/3 of the blood returns to the right heart from the first 2-3 generations of bronchi, and 2/3 brain into pulmonary circulation (de-oxy!), contributes to venous admixture or anatomic shunt

55
Q

Primary purpose of pulmonary circulation

A

Deliver blood to the lungs for gas exchange, largest vascular bed in the body

56
Q

3 mechanisms of what can happen when you breathe materials in

A

Impaction, sedimentation, and diffusion

57
Q

What is impaction

A

Mostly occurs in the upper airways where there is turbulent flow and its when big particles run into the walls of the airways

58
Q

What is sedimentation

A

Happens more in bronchioles, when we slow flow down, things in the air will sediment out. Can have major long-term damage of the bronchioles here

59
Q

What is diffusion of small particles and where does it happen

A

In alveoli, and macrophages go C H O M P

60
Q

Three mechanisms for clearance of inhaled particles

A

Particles are swallowed, mucociliary system will transport them, or alveolar macrophages engulf the particles

61
Q

Three components of mucociliary clearance system

A

Mucus layer, periciliary fluid, and cilia

62
Q

Why do we need humidity in the air?

A

Humidity impacts both virus containing particles and mucociliary clearance

63
Q

Low humidity means what for a virus

A

An increase in stable virus that is more capable of making it deep in the airways

64
Q

Cilia stall in dry cold air because

A

Dry air dehydrates mucous layer, increasing viscosity and cold will inhibit ciliary function

65
Q

Volume and function of respiratory region

A

2.5-3 L, surface area is 50-100 m^2

66
Q

Why is the alveolar capillary network very thin

A

Ideal for gas exchange

67
Q

What is the metabolic functions of the lung

A

Conversion of AngI to AngII by ACE

FHB Mikayla (26 decks)

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