Unit 2 Grudge Ball Review Flashcards
Who named cells?
Hooke
Give an example of a prokaryotic organism
bacteria
Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Give 2 similarities and 2 differences
both have DNA, ribosomes, and cell membrane
eukaryotes have nucleus and are larger
prokaryotes have no nucleus and are smaller
What is the function of the nucleus?
holds DNA
Name two cell structures involved in cell movement
cillia, flagellum
State the three parts of the cell theory
All living things are made of cells.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
Cells come from existing cells
What is the function of the cell membrane?
regulates what enters and exits cell
Name two organelles involved in energy conversion
Chloroplasts and mitochondrion
Channels and pumps are what type of molecules?
protein pump
What type of organism has to carry out all life functions?
prokaryotes
Which organelle breaks down old organelles?
lysosome
Which organelle is the site of protein synthesis?
ribosome
Which type of organism lacks a cell wall?
animal cell
State the path a protein takes in a cell from production to excretion
protein leaves ER, go to Golgi, excretion
Name two organelles present in plant cells that are missing from animal cells.
cell wall, chloroplast, large vacuole
What is the function of the mitochondria?
cellular respiration (powerhouse)
What is the function of the cell wall?
support and protect cell
An animal cell will burst when placed in what type of solution?
hypertonic
Which type of transport uses energy?
active
Why do plants appear green?
reflect green light
What gas is produced during photosynthesis?
oxygen
Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?
thylakoid
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O (+ATP)
What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain
What organelle is the site of cellular respiration?
mitochondria
Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis?
chloroplast
What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
2 ATP
What type of fermentation occurs in humans?
lactic acid
What are two reasons cells must divide?
DNA doesn’t increase, processes happen better
What is the advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
More genetic variety
What events occur during interphase?
cell grows, DNA is copied, preparation for division
What occurs during metaphase?
chromosomes line up at center of cell
Describe cytokinesis in plants
cell plate forms between nuclei
Describe cytokinesis in animal cells
cleavage furrow splits nuclei
Define cancer
uncontrolled cell growth
What process causes embryonic cells to become specialized?
differentiation
Why are stem cells important?
They can become any type of cell (totipotent)
State two structures that are present in both plant and animal cells
ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, ER, Golgi, lysosomes
Give the function of two organelles present in both plant and animal cells
nucleus; holds DNA mitochondria; cellular respiration ribosome; protein synthesis smooth ER; lipid synthesis, detox. rough ER; protein synthesis Golgi; process/package proteins lysosomes; cleans/recycles organelles
State two different structures that are different between plant and animal cells.
chloroplast, lysosomes
Give the functions of two organelles that are different between plant and animal cells
chloroplast is photosynthesis, lysosomes are recyclers
What are the stages of mitosis in order?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Describe what occurs during prophase and draw the cell
nuclear membrane disappears, chromosomes condense
Describe what occurs during anaphase and draw the cell
chromosomes seperate
Describe what occurs during telophase and draw the cell
nuclear membrane appears, chromosomes decondense
Describe passive transport
moving high to low gradient, no energy needed: diffusion, facilitative diffusion, osmosis
How does the number of chromosomes in daughter cells compare to the parent cell?
they will have the same number
How does the DNA in one cell compare to the DNA of another cell within a multicellular organism?
the DNA is the same, the specialization and therefore shape is different
What is the photosynthesis equation?
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
List the two stages of photosynthesis
light-dependent, Calvin cycle
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related to the carbon cycle?
CR releases carbon dioxide, PTS absorbs carbon dioxide
Describe active transport
low to high gradient, need energy, uses protein pumps
List the three stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, electron transport
Explain the structure of the cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer
List the levels of organization in a multicellular organism in order from smallest to largest
cell, tissue, organ, organ system
Create a model/analogy for the levels of organization - cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
musician, stand partner, section, ensemble
Would a cell with a high SA:V ratio or cell with a low SA:V ratio be more sucessful?
high ratio
If a microscope has an ocular lens with 10x magnification and you are using the medium objective lens with 10 x magnification, what is the total magnification of your image?
100?
Describe what occurs during metaphase and draw the cell
chromosomes line up at center of cell
