Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

2 reasons why cells divide

A

Grew too large (increase SA:V ratio)
Replace a dead cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why does DNA stop working well as the cell grows?

A

DNA doesn’t increase in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Does the surface area and volume of a cell equal each other or no?

A

They do not equal the same amount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is cell division? How is it beneficial?

A

A cell divides into 2 daughter cells; identical to the original. It decreases the size, reducing the strain and cell volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

As the cell enlarges, what happens to the SA to Volume ratio?

A

Decreases
Ex: 6:1 … 2:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the types of reproduction?

A

Asexual and sexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the benefits and drawbacks of asexual reproduction?

A

Doesn’t need two organisms ~ easier with a lower population
Genes do not change, no adaption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the benefits and drawbacks of sexual reproduction?

A

Different genes ~ can adapt
Needs 2 parents; difficult with low population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the differences in DNA between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes: DNA in the nucleus, more DNA, chromosomes
Prokaryotes: DNA in cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 4 phases of cell division AND what happens during the phase

A

G1: Growth
S: DNA Synthesis (2x DNA as beginning)
G2: Growth+Prep for Mitosis (shortest, organelles and molecules are produced)
M: Mitosis (2 daughter cells; mitosis and cytosis stages)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is/happens during the second stage of mitosis?

A

Metaphase: centromeres of chromosomes line up through cell center, spindle fibers connect to centromeres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is/happens during the third stage of mitosis?

A

Anaphase: chromatids separate into 2 separate groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is/happens during the first stage of mitosis?

A

Prophase: genetic materials shrink, spindle forms in centrosome, centrioles move to opposite ends of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is/happens during the fourth stage of mitosis?

A

Telophase: chromosomes spread into chromatin, nuclear envelope reforms, nucleus forms in daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?

A

Cell membrane pinches inward, forming cleavage furrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens during cytokinesis in plant cells?

A

Cell plate forms between nuclei, forms cell wall later

17
Q

What is asexual cell division called?

A

Binary fission

18
Q

What happens during binary fission?

A

DNA is replicated,cytoplasmic membrane elongates to separate DNA, cross wall forms + membrane leaves, cross wall fully separates new daughter cells

19
Q

What is the difference between centrosomes, centrioles, and centromeres?

A

Centrosomes: end of cell where spindle fibers come from
Centrioles: pieces in center of centrosome
Centromeres: center of chromosomes

20
Q

What is the difference between chromosomes and chromatids?

A

Chromosomes are made of two chromatids

21
Q

What is cyclin?

A

A regulatory protein that regulates the cell cycle

22
Q

What are the types of regulatory proteins, what do they do?

A

Internal: makes cell cycle wait for the previous step to finish correctly
External: signals to speed or slow the cycle

23
Q

What are growth factors?

A

They help the growth/division rates, but slows other cells’ cycles (filling chair example)

24
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death; important for development

25
Q

What happens during apoptosis?

A

cell + chromatin shrink
membrane breaks off
neighbor cells clean excess

26
Q

What does cancer do?

A

Takes nutrients from healthy tissues

27
Q

Causes of cancer

A

Genetics, infections, smoking/tobacco, radiation; all with no control of cell cycle

28
Q

Treatments for cancer

A

Localized: surgery
General: radiation (chemotherapy)

29
Q

What does chemotherapy do?

A

Kills the cancer cells, but also harms healthy cells in the process

30
Q

What is the alternate stage of mitosis?

A

Go: rest stage, can’t get out of, no division

31
Q

What is an internal regulator? (Throughout the mitosis cycle)

A

Checkpoints (ex. DNA copied correctly, spindle fibers attached to chromatids)

32
Q

What are the types of tumors?

A

Benign and malignant

33
Q

What are the characteristics of benign tumors?

A

Not cancerous, slower spreading, noninvasive

34
Q

What are the characteristics of malignant tumors?

A

Cancerous, spread quickly

35
Q

Metastasis?

A

Spread of tumor cells throughout whole body

Biology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions