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Biology > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

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2
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

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3
Q

What are the three parts of ATP?

A

Triphosphate, ribose, adenosine
(3 phosphate, sugar, adenine)

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4
Q

What are the three parts of ADP?

A

2 phosphate groups, ribose, adenosine
(2 phosphate, sugar, adenine)

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5
Q

What is different between ATP and ADP?

A

ATP has 3 phosphate groups, ADP has 2
ATP is full power, ADP is empty
ATP has electrons, ADP has none/fewer

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6
Q

What happens when 1 phosphate bond from ATP is destroyed?

A

Energy is released and ATP becomes ADP

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7
Q

What are granum?

A

Stack of thylakoids

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8
Q

What is stroma?

A

Liquid inside chloroplast

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9
Q

Where is chlorophyll?

A

Inside thylakoids

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10
Q

What types of photosynthesis are there?

A

Light-dependent, Calvin cycle

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11
Q

What is transferred between light reactions and the Calvin cycle?

A

Light Calvin
ATP ——————-> ADP
NADPH ——————–> NADP+
(full charge) (empty/low charge)

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12
Q

Where are light reactions?

A

Thylakoid

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13
Q

What are the product and reactant of light reactions?

A

Water –> Oxygen

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14
Q

What are the stages of light reactions?

A

Photosystem 2, Electron Transport Chain, Photosystem 1

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15
Q

What happens in the light reaction’s photosystem 2 step? (4 steps)

A
  1. H₂O bonds break by enzymes in the inner thylakoid membrane.
  2. The 2 electrons from H₂O bonds become higher energy due to light.
  3. Electrons join the electron transport chain.
  4. Oxygen is released into air, hydrogen is released into thylakoid.
    Cycle begins again.
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16
Q

What happens in the light reaction’s electron transport chain step?

A

Electrons power the proteins in the chain to get H+ ions from stroma to thylakoid.

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17
Q

What happens in the light reaction’s Photosystem 1 step? (3 steps)

A
  1. Pigments re-energize electrons
  2. After another short electron transport chain, 3. NADP+ in stroma bind electrons and H+ ions to form NADPH at the outer thylakoid layer
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18
Q

How is ATP made in light reactions?

A

The gradient from the H+ ions in (positive) thylakoid and (negative) stroma makes the energy needed for ATP production. Because of the gradient, H+ ions are pushed through the ATP synthase (a protein) and the synthase begins to spin.The rotation bonds ADP and phosphate, making ATP. Chemiosis

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19
Q

What does ATP do?

A

Stores energy / electrons

20
Q

What are the steps in the Calvin cycle?

A

CO2 enters cycle, sugar production

21
Q

What is produced in light-dependent reactions?

A

Oxygen, chemical energy, NADPH, ATP

22
Q

What is produced in Calvin cycle?

A

9 ADP, 6 NADP+, glucose/sugar (6-carbon)

23
Q

What happens during step 1 of Calvin cycle?

A

6CO₂ → 12 3-carbon sugar molecules

24
Q

What happens during step 2 of Calvin cycle?

A

Chloroplast enzymes convert compunds to higher-energy forms

25
Q

What happens during step 3 of Calvin cycle?

A

2 of 3-carbon molecules leave cycle, remaining molecules convert back to 6 5-carbon molecules to redo cycle

26
Q

What are the 3 steps in cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, electron transport/ATP production

27
Q

What do you get from glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvic acids, 4 ATP total (2 net bc lose 2 to start process), NADH

28
Q

What happens during the first part of glycolysis?

A

ATP use: 2 ATP molecules are used to start glycolysis, turn into ADP

29
Q

What happens during the second part of glycolysis?

A

4 electrons are removed when pyruvic acids seperate/form, so 2 go to NAD+ to make NADH. 4 ATP form

30
Q

How much total ATP is made and able to be used after glycolysis

A

2 ATP

31
Q

What do you get from the Kreb’s cycle?

A

2 ATP, FADH2, CO₂, 3 NADH

32
Q

What is/ happens during the first step of the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Citric acid production: 1 pyruvic acid carbon goes to CO₂, other 2 carbons make acetic acid. Acetic acid + coenzyme A = acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA combines 2-C acetyl with 4-C molecule to make citrus.

33
Q

What is/ happens during the second step of the Kreb’s Cycle?

A

Energy extraction: Citric acid breaks into 4-C molecule (that accepted 2-C acetyl to make citrus in 1 step), 2 CO₂ released, electrons added to electron carriers

34
Q

How many glucose makes how many Kreb’s cycles? How many cycles make how many ATP?

A

1 glucose/2 cycles
1 cycle/1 ATP

35
Q

How much NADH and ATP are made during the Kreb’s cycle?

A

6 NADH, 2 ATP (per 1 glucose/ 1 acetyl, single run through is 3 NADH and 1 ATP)

36
Q

What do you get from electron transport/ ATP synthesis?

A

H₂O, NAD+, FAD, 32-34 ATP

37
Q

What is/ happens during first step of electron transport/ATP synthesis?

A

Electron transport: electrons in etc are passed to enzyme at end of chain to be combined with hydrogen and oxygen to make H₂O. When 2 electrons pass through chain, the energy pushes H+ ions through ATP synthase. H+ ions going into thylakoid; thylakoid positive, stroma negative

38
Q

What is/ happens during the second step of electron transport/ ATP synthesis?

A

ATP synthesis: chemiosis is process. charge difference between positive thylakoid and negative stroma causes H+ ions to pass through ATP synthase. H+ ions cause synthase to spin, catching ADP, and combining it with a phosphate group to make ATP.

39
Q

What is the total amounts of products from cellular respiration?

A

36 ATP, 3 CO₂, 6 H₂O

40
Q

What 4 factors affect photosynthesis?

A

temperature, light intensity, water, wavelength

41
Q

What is temperature’s effect on photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis works best between 0-36 C, above or below will slow or stop PTS. Graph is a curve that starts and ends at x-axis

42
Q

What is light intensity’s effect on photosynthesis?

A

High light = high PTS rate. However, after a certain point intensity can’t increase PTS because it is already going full power. Graph steeps up, curves until parallel to x-axis

43
Q

What is water’s effect on photosynthesis?

A

Shortage can stop or slow PTS, possibly damage plant tissue. Graph steeps up, curves until parallel with x-axis, and begins to slowly go down at end (graph could possibly be CO₂)

44
Q

What is wavelength’s effect on photosynthesis?

A

Some colors can be absorbed easier. Green is the worst color, because it reflects green light (like why plants are green) and blue and red wavelengths are the best

45
Q

What are C4 plants? What do they do?

A

Plants have specialized chemical pathways that capture CO₂ even in air with low CO₂ level. Compounds made with C4 need more ATP.

46
Q

What are CAM plants?

A

They only let CO₂ in at night and close during the day to prevent water loss while still allowing CO₂ to escape. Carbon is trapped in leaves while captured CO₂ combines with existing molecules to make organic acids.

Biology (10 decks)

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