Unit 2 - Chapter 15 - Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
what does the musxuloskeletal system include
bones, muscles and joints
what is the function of bones
- framework on which the body is consructed
- protect and support internal organs
- assist the body in movement
what are inner bones composed of and what do they do
- composed of hematopoietic tissue (red bone marrow, which manufactures blood cells)
what do outer bones do
storage area for minerals necessary for growth such as calcium and phosphorus
what are joints
- the places at which bones come together
how is the type of joint found in a specific location determined
- determined by the need for greater or lesser flexibility of movement
where are muscles found
- attached to bones or to internal organs and blood vessels
what do muscles do
- responsible for movement
- involved in the contraction and relacation of muscles
what are tendons
connective tissue that bind muscle to bones
what do ligaments do
bind bones to other bones
what do orthopedists do
they are physicians who treat bone, joint and muscle conditions
what do rheumatologists specialize in
joint problems
what do physiatrists focus on
focus on rehibilitation after injury or illness to bones, muscles and nerves
what does a medical doctor (MD) and doctor of osteopathy (DO) have in common
they can both specialize in orthopedics, rheumatology and physiatry
expand on a chiropractors education
- not a physician but has extensice training in using physical means to manipulate the spinal column, joints and soft tissues
expand on a physical therapist
someone with a doctoral degree who develops a treatment plan based on a patients physical imparements, with or without a physicians diagnosis
what is the goal of physiotherapy
to restore function, improve function, improve mobility and relieve pain
expand on athletic trainers
- non physicians who work witha physician to provude therapeutic intervention and rehabilitation for injuries and medical conditions
what are bones composed of
composed of a specialized tissue called osseous tissue and a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves
what does osseous tissue consist of
osteocytes (bone cells), dense connective tissue strands (collagen) and intercellular calcium salts
during fetal development, what are the bones composed of
cartilage
what is ossification
the process of when the embryo develops, the cartilage that the bone is composed of is slowly replace with immature bone cells and calcium deposits
what are osteoblasts
the immature osteocytes that replace the cartilage during ossification
what are osteoclasts
large cells that function to reabsorb, or digest bony tissue (bone phagocytes)
what are the 3 things needed for the formation of bones
calcium, phosphorus, vitamin d
how many bones are there in the body
206
where are long bones found
in the thigh, lowe leg and upper/lower arm
where are short bones found
in the wrist and ankle
whare are flat bones found
found in spots covering soft body parts like the skull, shoulder blades, ribs and pelvis
what are sesamoid bones and where are they found
- small, rounded bones (resembling a sesame seed)
- found near joints (ex. knee cap)
what is the shaft, or middle region of a long bone called
diaphysis
what is each end of a long bone called
epiphysis
what is the area called of cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new bone tissues as the bone grows
epiphyseal line or plate
what is the flared portion of the bone that lies between the epiphysis and the disphysis
metaphysis
what is the strong fibrous membrane that coveres the surface of long bones
periosteum
there is a tissue on the joints that attaches bone to bone at the end of long bones….what is that called
articular catilage
what is the layer of hard, dense bone that lies under the peiosteum in all bones and is located cheifly around the diaphysis of long bones
compact (cortical) bone
within the compact bone there as a system of small canals containing blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the bone and remove waste products such as carbon dioxide…..what are these samm canals called
haversian canals
what is compact bone tunneled one in the center shaft of long bones by and which contains yellow bone marrow
medullary cavity
what bome is more pourous and less dense than compact bone, found near the end of a long bone
cancellous bone, also sometimes called spongy or trabecular bone
what are the interwoven fibers called that are found in the epiphyses and metaphyses
trabeculae
what is hematopoiesis
the production of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow
what are bone processes
enlarged area that extend out from bones and serve as attachments for muscles, tendons and ligaments
what are bone depressions
openings or hollow regions serving as conenctions between bones, or passageways for blood vessels and nerves
what are sutures
joints at which cranial bones join each other
what are fontanelles
gaps in a newborn childs skull of unossified tissue, also called soft spots
expand on the frontal bone
forms the foreheas and the roof of the bony sockets that contain the eyes
expand on the parietal bone
the 2 bones (one on each side of the skill) that form the roof and upper part of the sides of the cranium
expand on the temporal bone
the two bones that form the lower sides and base of the cranium. each bone encloses an ear and contains a fossa for joining with the mandible (lower jawbone)
expand on the temporomadibular joint (tmj)
the area of connection between the temporal and mandibular bones
expand on the mastoid process
round process of the temporal bone behind the ear
exapnd on the styloid process
pole that projects downward from the temporal bone
expand on the occipital bone
forms the back and base of the skull and joins the parietal and temporal bones, forming a suture
expand on the foramen magnum
the opening of the inferior portion of the occiptal bone
expand on the sphenoid bone
bat shaped bone that extends behind the eyes and forms part of the base of the skull
expand on the sella turcica
a depression in the sphenoid bone in which the pituitary gland is located
expand on the ethmoid bone
thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the sockets of the eyes. Composed of spongey cancellous bone. `
expand on the nasal bone
two slender bones that support the bridge of the nose. they join with the frontal bone and form part of the nasal septum
expand on the lacrimal bone
two, small, thin bones located at the corner of each eye. contain fossae for the lacrimal gland and canals for the passage of the lacrimal duct
expand on the mandibular bone
the lower jawbone (mandible). contain sockets called alveoli in which the teeth are embedded
expand on the maxillary bone
two large bones that compose the massive upper jawbones. joined by a suture in the median plane
expand on zygomatic bones
the two bones, one on each side of the face, that form the high portion of the cheek
expand on the vomer
the thin, single flat bone that forms the lower portion of the nasal septum
expand on sinuses
also known as air cavities. found in specific places within the cranial and facial bones to lighten the skull and warm and moisten air as it passes through,
expand on the scapula
shoulder blade
expand on the sternum
breastbone . the lower portion of the sternum is called the xiphoid process. the upper portion is called the manubrium.
expand on the ribs
there are 12 pairs of ribs. the first 7 are joined by costal cartilages. ribs 1 to 7 are called true ribs. ribs 8 to 10 are called false ribs. ribs 11 to 12 are called floating ribs
expand on the humerus
upper arm bone. labrum helps guide its movement.
expand on the ulna
medial lower arm bone. the bony process of the ulna at the elbow is called the olecranon
expand on the radius
lateral lower arm bone
expand on the carpals
the wrist bones
expand on the metacarpals
5 bones of the palm of the hand
expand on the phalanges
finger bones
expand on the pelvic girdle
pelvis
expand on the ilium
uppermost and largest portion of the pelvis
expand on the ischium
inferior or lower part of the pelvis
expand on the pubis
anterior part of the pelvis
expand on the pelvic cavity
region within the ring of bone formed by the pelvic girdle
expand on the femur
thigh bone
expand on the patella
kneecap
expand on the tibia
larger of the 2 bones of the lower leg
expand on the fibula
smaller of the 2 bones of the lower leg
expand on the tarsals
bones of the hind and mid parts of the foot
expand on the metatarsals
bones between the tarsals and ohalanges
expand on the phalanges of the foot
bones of the fore foot (toe bones)
calc/o or calci/o
calcium
kyph/o
humpback, hunchback
lamin/o
lamina
lord/o
curve, wayback
lumb/o
loins, lower back
myel/o
bone marrow
orth/o
straight
oste/o
bone
scoli/o
crooked, bent
spondyl/o (used to make words about conditions of the structure)
vertebra
vertebr/o (used to describe the structure itself)
vertebra
-blast
embryonic or immature cell
-clast
to break
-listhesis
slipping
-malacia
softening
-physis
to grow
-porosis
- pore, passage
-tome
instrument to cut
acetabul/o
acetabulum
calcane/o
calcaneus
carp/o
carpals
clavicul/o
clavicle
cost/o
ribs
crani/o
cranium (skull)
femor/o
femur
fibul/o
fibula
humer/o
humerus
ili/o
ilium
ischi/o
ischium
malleol/o
malleolus
mandibul/o
mandible
maxill/o
maxilla
metacarp/o
metacarpals
metatars/o
metatarsals
olecran/o
olecranon
patell/o
patella
pelv/o
pelvis
phalang/o
phalanges
pub/o
pubis
radi/o
radius
scapul/o
scapula
stern/o
sternum
tars/o
tarsals
tibi/o
tibia
uln/o
ulna
what is a ewing sarcoma
rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occuring in children
what is a exostosis
bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone
what is a fracture
traumatic breaking of a bone
what is a osteogenic sarcoma
malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found primarly in children and adolscents
what is osteomalacia
softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone
what is osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection
what is osteoporosis
decrease in bone density (mass), thinning and weakening of a bone
what is articular cartilage
smooth white tissue that covers the ends of bones at joints
what is articulation
any type of joint
what is bursa
sac of fluid near a joint, promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another
what is a ligament
fibrous, connective band binding bones to other bones; supports, strengthens and stabilizes the joint
what is meniscus
crescent shaped fibrocartilaginous structure, which helps provide cushion for a joint
what is a suture joint
immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull
what is the synovial cavity
space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane
what is synovial fluid
sticky fluid within the synovial fluis that is similiar to egg whites
what is the synovial joint
free movable joint
what is the synovial membrane
tissue lining the synovial membrane which produces synovial fluid
what is a tendon
fibrous, connective tissue binding muscles to bones
ankyl/o
stiff
arthr/o
joint
articul/o
joint
burs/o
bursa
chondro/o
cartilage
ligament/o
ligament
rheumat/o
watery flow
synov/o
synovial membrane
ten/o
tendon
tendin/o
tendon
-desis
to bind, tie together
- stenosis
narrowing
what is arthritis
inflammation of any joint
what is ankylosing spondylitis
chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine
what is gouty arthritis (gout)
inflammation and painful swelling in and around joints caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals
what is osteoarthritis
progressive, degenerative, jointdisease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone at articular surfaces
what is rheumatoid arthritis
chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tisue, particularly the synovial membrane
what is a bunion
an enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe
what is carpal tunnel syndrome
compression of the median nerve as it passes between the transverse ligament and bones and tendons of the wrist
what is dislocation
displacement of a bone from its joint
what is a ganglion cyst
fluid filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons
what is herniation of an intervertebral disc
abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disc into the spinal canal or spinal nerves
what is lyme disease
chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia and malaise; cause is a bacterium carried by a tick
what is a sprain
an injury, often the result of trauma, involving overstretching of the ligaments around a joint
what is systemic lupus erythematosus
chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, central nervous system, heart and lungs
what is abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
was is adduction
movement toward the midline of the body
what is dorsiflexion
upward movement of the foot
what is extension
straightening of a flexed limb
what is fascia
fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles
what is flexion
bending a limb; decreasing the angle between bones
what is insertion of a muscle
connection of the muscle to a stationary bone; usuallyy proximal on the skeleton
what is plantar flexion
downward movement of the foot
what is pronation
turning the palm downwardw
what is rotation
circular movement around a central point
what is a striated muscle
muscle connected to bones
what is supination
turning the palm upward
what is visceral muscle
muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle
fasci/o
fascia
fibr/o
fibrous connective tissue
leiomy/o
smooth muscle that lines the walls of internal organs
my/o
muscle
myocardi/o
heart muscle
myos/o
muscle
plant/o
sole of the foot
rhabdomy/o
skeletal muscle connected to bones
sarc/o
muscle and flesh
-asthenia
lack of strength
-trophy
development, nourishment
ab-
away from
ad-
toward
dorsi-
back
poly-
many, much
what is muscular distrophy
group of inherited disease characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvment of the nervous system
what is polymyositis
chronic inflammatory myopathy
expand on antinuclear antibody test
detects an antibosy often present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune disease
expand on c-reactive protein test
blood test to measure levels of a protein made by the liver
expand on erythrocyte sedimentation rate
measures time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube
expand on the rheumatoid factor test
serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in many patients with rheumatoid arthritis
expand on serum calcium
measurement of calcium in serum
expand on serum creatine kinase
measurement of creatine kinase in serum
expand on uric acid test
measurement of uric acis in serum
what is an arthrocentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space
what is a arthrography
taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint
what is a arthroplasty
surgical repair or replacement if a joint
what is a arthroscopy
visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope, which projects an image on a video monitor
what is a bone density test
low energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass
what is a bone scan
uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone, also called a bone scintigraphy
what is computed tomography (CT)
x-ray beam and computer show cross-sectional and other images of body tissues
what is a discography
x-ray examination of cervial or lumbar intervertebral disc after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus
what is electromyography
recording the electricity of muscle tissue
what is magnetic resonance imaging (mri)
strong magnetic field and advances computing technology are used to create high resolution images of soft tissues inside the body
what is a muscle biopsy
removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination to assess for abnormalities or disease
what is musculoskeletal ultrasound
ultrasonic waves are used to image muscles, tendons and jounts
