Unit 2 - Chapter 15 - Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
(222 cards)
1
Q
what does the musxuloskeletal system include
A
bones, muscles and joints
2
Q
what is the function of bones
A
- framework on which the body is consructed
- protect and support internal organs
- assist the body in movement
3
Q
what are inner bones composed of and what do they do
A
- composed of hematopoietic tissue (red bone marrow, which manufactures blood cells)
4
Q
what do outer bones do
A
storage area for minerals necessary for growth such as calcium and phosphorus
5
Q
what are joints
A
- the places at which bones come together
6
Q
how is the type of joint found in a specific location determined
A
- determined by the need for greater or lesser flexibility of movement
7
Q
where are muscles found
A
- attached to bones or to internal organs and blood vessels
8
Q
what do muscles do
A
- responsible for movement
- involved in the contraction and relacation of muscles
9
Q
what are tendons
A
connective tissue that bind muscle to bones
10
Q
what do ligaments do
A
bind bones to other bones
11
Q
what do orthopedists do
A
they are physicians who treat bone, joint and muscle conditions
12
Q
what do rheumatologists specialize in
A
joint problems
13
Q
what do physiatrists focus on
A
focus on rehibilitation after injury or illness to bones, muscles and nerves
14
Q
what does a medical doctor (MD) and doctor of osteopathy (DO) have in common
A
they can both specialize in orthopedics, rheumatology and physiatry
15
Q
expand on a chiropractors education
A
- not a physician but has extensice training in using physical means to manipulate the spinal column, joints and soft tissues
16
Q
expand on a physical therapist
A
someone with a doctoral degree who develops a treatment plan based on a patients physical imparements, with or without a physicians diagnosis
17
Q
what is the goal of physiotherapy
A
to restore function, improve function, improve mobility and relieve pain
18
Q
expand on athletic trainers
A
- non physicians who work witha physician to provude therapeutic intervention and rehabilitation for injuries and medical conditions
19
Q
what are bones composed of
A
composed of a specialized tissue called osseous tissue and a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves
20
Q
what does osseous tissue consist of
A
osteocytes (bone cells), dense connective tissue strands (collagen) and intercellular calcium salts
21
Q
during fetal development, what are the bones composed of
A
cartilage
22
Q
what is ossification
A
the process of when the embryo develops, the cartilage that the bone is composed of is slowly replace with immature bone cells and calcium deposits
23
Q
what are osteoblasts
A
the immature osteocytes that replace the cartilage during ossification
24
Q
what are osteoclasts
A
large cells that function to reabsorb, or digest bony tissue (bone phagocytes)
25
what are the 3 things needed for the formation of bones
calcium, phosphorus, vitamin d
26
how many bones are there in the body
206
27
where are long bones found
in the thigh, lowe leg and upper/lower arm
28
where are short bones found
in the wrist and ankle
29
whare are flat bones found
found in spots covering soft body parts like the skull, shoulder blades, ribs and pelvis
30
what are sesamoid bones and where are they found
- small, rounded bones (resembling a sesame seed)
- found near joints (ex. knee cap)
31
what is the shaft, or middle region of a long bone called
diaphysis
32
what is each end of a long bone called
epiphysis
33
what is the area called of cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new bone tissues as the bone grows
epiphyseal line or plate
34
what is the flared portion of the bone that lies between the epiphysis and the disphysis
metaphysis
35
what is the strong fibrous membrane that coveres the surface of long bones
periosteum
36
there is a tissue on the joints that attaches bone to bone at the end of long bones....what is that called
articular catilage
37
what is the layer of hard, dense bone that lies under the peiosteum in all bones and is located cheifly around the diaphysis of long bones
compact (cortical) bone
38
within the compact bone there as a system of small canals containing blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the bone and remove waste products such as carbon dioxide.....what are these samm canals called
haversian canals
39
what is compact bone tunneled one in the center shaft of long bones by and which contains yellow bone marrow
medullary cavity
40
what bome is more pourous and less dense than compact bone, found near the end of a long bone
cancellous bone, also sometimes called spongy or trabecular bone
41
what are the interwoven fibers called that are found in the epiphyses and metaphyses
trabeculae
42
what is hematopoiesis
the production of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow
43
what are bone processes
enlarged area that extend out from bones and serve as attachments for muscles, tendons and ligaments
44
what are bone depressions
openings or hollow regions serving as conenctions between bones, or passageways for blood vessels and nerves
45
what are sutures
joints at which cranial bones join each other
46
what are fontanelles
gaps in a newborn childs skull of unossified tissue, also called soft spots
47
expand on the frontal bone
forms the foreheas and the roof of the bony sockets that contain the eyes
48
expand on the parietal bone
the 2 bones (one on each side of the skill) that form the roof and upper part of the sides of the cranium
49
expand on the temporal bone
the two bones that form the lower sides and base of the cranium. each bone encloses an ear and contains a fossa for joining with the mandible (lower jawbone)
50
expand on the temporomadibular joint (tmj)
the area of connection between the temporal and mandibular bones
51
expand on the mastoid process
round process of the temporal bone behind the ear
52
exapnd on the styloid process
pole that projects downward from the temporal bone
53
expand on the occipital bone
forms the back and base of the skull and joins the parietal and temporal bones, forming a suture
54
expand on the foramen magnum
the opening of the inferior portion of the occiptal bone
55
expand on the sphenoid bone
bat shaped bone that extends behind the eyes and forms part of the base of the skull
56
expand on the sella turcica
a depression in the sphenoid bone in which the pituitary gland is located
57
expand on the ethmoid bone
thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the sockets of the eyes. Composed of spongey cancellous bone. `
58
expand on the nasal bone
two slender bones that support the bridge of the nose. they join with the frontal bone and form part of the nasal septum
59
expand on the lacrimal bone
two, small, thin bones located at the corner of each eye. contain fossae for the lacrimal gland and canals for the passage of the lacrimal duct
60
expand on the mandibular bone
the lower jawbone (mandible). contain sockets called alveoli in which the teeth are embedded
61
expand on the maxillary bone
two large bones that compose the massive upper jawbones. joined by a suture in the median plane
62
expand on zygomatic bones
the two bones, one on each side of the face, that form the high portion of the cheek
63
expand on the vomer
the thin, single flat bone that forms the lower portion of the nasal septum
64
expand on sinuses
also known as air cavities. found in specific places within the cranial and facial bones to lighten the skull and warm and moisten air as it passes through,
65
expand on the scapula
shoulder blade
66
expand on the sternum
breastbone . the lower portion of the sternum is called the xiphoid process. the upper portion is called the manubrium.
67
expand on the ribs
there are 12 pairs of ribs. the first 7 are joined by costal cartilages. ribs 1 to 7 are called true ribs. ribs 8 to 10 are called false ribs. ribs 11 to 12 are called floating ribs
68
expand on the humerus
upper arm bone. labrum helps guide its movement.
69
expand on the ulna
medial lower arm bone. the bony process of the ulna at the elbow is called the olecranon
70
expand on the radius
lateral lower arm bone
71
expand on the carpals
the wrist bones
72
expand on the metacarpals
5 bones of the palm of the hand
73
expand on the phalanges
finger bones
74
expand on the pelvic girdle
pelvis
75
expand on the ilium
uppermost and largest portion of the pelvis
76
expand on the ischium
inferior or lower part of the pelvis
77
expand on the pubis
anterior part of the pelvis
78
expand on the pelvic cavity
region within the ring of bone formed by the pelvic girdle
79
expand on the femur
thigh bone
80
expand on the patella
kneecap
81
expand on the tibia
larger of the 2 bones of the lower leg
82
expand on the fibula
smaller of the 2 bones of the lower leg
83
expand on the tarsals
bones of the hind and mid parts of the foot
84
expand on the metatarsals
bones between the tarsals and ohalanges
85
expand on the phalanges of the foot
bones of the fore foot (toe bones)
86
calc/o or calci/o
calcium
87
kyph/o
humpback, hunchback
88
lamin/o
lamina
89
lord/o
curve, wayback
90
lumb/o
loins, lower back
91
myel/o
bone marrow
92
orth/o
straight
93
oste/o
bone
94
scoli/o
crooked, bent
95
spondyl/o (used to make words about conditions of the structure)
vertebra
96
vertebr/o (used to describe the structure itself)
vertebra
97
-blast
embryonic or immature cell
98
-clast
to break
99
-listhesis
slipping
100
-malacia
softening
101
-physis
to grow
102
-porosis
- pore, passage
103
-tome
instrument to cut
104
acetabul/o
acetabulum
105
calcane/o
calcaneus
106
carp/o
carpals
107
clavicul/o
clavicle
108
cost/o
ribs
109
crani/o
cranium (skull)
110
femor/o
femur
111
fibul/o
fibula
112
humer/o
humerus
113
ili/o
ilium
114
ischi/o
ischium
115
malleol/o
malleolus
116
mandibul/o
mandible
117
maxill/o
maxilla
118
metacarp/o
metacarpals
119
metatars/o
metatarsals
120
olecran/o
olecranon
121
patell/o
patella
122
pelv/o
pelvis
123
phalang/o
phalanges
124
pub/o
pubis
125
radi/o
radius
126
scapul/o
scapula
127
stern/o
sternum
128
tars/o
tarsals
129
tibi/o
tibia
130
uln/o
ulna
131
what is a ewing sarcoma
rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occuring in children
132
what is a exostosis
bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone
133
what is a fracture
traumatic breaking of a bone
134
what is a osteogenic sarcoma
malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found primarly in children and adolscents
135
what is osteomalacia
softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone
136
what is osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection
137
what is osteoporosis
decrease in bone density (mass), thinning and weakening of a bone
138
what is articular cartilage
smooth white tissue that covers the ends of bones at joints
139
what is articulation
any type of joint
140
what is bursa
sac of fluid near a joint, promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another
141
what is a ligament
fibrous, connective band binding bones to other bones; supports, strengthens and stabilizes the joint
142
what is meniscus
crescent shaped fibrocartilaginous structure, which helps provide cushion for a joint
143
what is a suture joint
immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull
144
what is the synovial cavity
space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane
145
what is synovial fluid
sticky fluid within the synovial fluis that is similiar to egg whites
146
what is the synovial joint
free movable joint
147
what is the synovial membrane
tissue lining the synovial membrane which produces synovial fluid
148
what is a tendon
fibrous, connective tissue binding muscles to bones
149
ankyl/o
stiff
150
arthr/o
joint
151
articul/o
joint
152
burs/o
bursa
153
chondro/o
cartilage
154
ligament/o
ligament
155
rheumat/o
watery flow
156
synov/o
synovial membrane
157
ten/o
tendon
158
tendin/o
tendon
159
-desis
to bind, tie together
160
- stenosis
narrowing
161
what is arthritis
inflammation of any joint
162
what is ankylosing spondylitis
chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine
163
what is gouty arthritis (gout)
inflammation and painful swelling in and around joints caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals
164
what is osteoarthritis
progressive, degenerative, jointdisease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone at articular surfaces
165
what is rheumatoid arthritis
chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tisue, particularly the synovial membrane
166
what is a bunion
an enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe
167
what is carpal tunnel syndrome
compression of the median nerve as it passes between the transverse ligament and bones and tendons of the wrist
168
what is dislocation
displacement of a bone from its joint
169
what is a ganglion cyst
fluid filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons
170
what is herniation of an intervertebral disc
abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disc into the spinal canal or spinal nerves
171
what is lyme disease
chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia and malaise; cause is a bacterium carried by a tick
172
what is a sprain
an injury, often the result of trauma, involving overstretching of the ligaments around a joint
173
what is systemic lupus erythematosus
chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, central nervous system, heart and lungs
174
what is abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
175
was is adduction
movement toward the midline of the body
176
what is dorsiflexion
upward movement of the foot
177
what is extension
straightening of a flexed limb
178
what is fascia
fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles
179
what is flexion
bending a limb; decreasing the angle between bones
180
what is insertion of a muscle
connection of the muscle to a stationary bone; usuallyy proximal on the skeleton
181
what is plantar flexion
downward movement of the foot
182
what is pronation
turning the palm downwardw
183
what is rotation
circular movement around a central point
184
what is a striated muscle
muscle connected to bones
185
what is supination
turning the palm upward
186
what is visceral muscle
muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle
187
fasci/o
fascia
188
fibr/o
fibrous connective tissue
189
leiomy/o
smooth muscle that lines the walls of internal organs
190
my/o
muscle
191
myocardi/o
heart muscle
192
myos/o
muscle
193
plant/o
sole of the foot
194
rhabdomy/o
skeletal muscle connected to bones
195
sarc/o
muscle and flesh
196
-asthenia
lack of strength
197
-trophy
development, nourishment
198
ab-
away from
199
ad-
toward
200
dorsi-
back
201
poly-
many, much
202
what is muscular distrophy
group of inherited disease characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvment of the nervous system
203
what is polymyositis
chronic inflammatory myopathy
204
expand on antinuclear antibody test
detects an antibosy often present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune disease
205
expand on c-reactive protein test
blood test to measure levels of a protein made by the liver
206
expand on erythrocyte sedimentation rate
measures time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube
207
expand on the rheumatoid factor test
serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in many patients with rheumatoid arthritis
208
expand on serum calcium
measurement of calcium in serum
209
expand on serum creatine kinase
measurement of creatine kinase in serum
210
expand on uric acid test
measurement of uric acis in serum
211
what is an arthrocentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space
212
what is a arthrography
taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint
213
what is a arthroplasty
surgical repair or replacement if a joint
214
what is a arthroscopy
visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope, which projects an image on a video monitor
215
what is a bone density test
low energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass
216
what is a bone scan
uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone, also called a bone scintigraphy
217
what is computed tomography (CT)
x-ray beam and computer show cross-sectional and other images of body tissues
218
what is a discography
x-ray examination of cervial or lumbar intervertebral disc after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus
219
what is electromyography
recording the electricity of muscle tissue
220
what is magnetic resonance imaging (mri)
strong magnetic field and advances computing technology are used to create high resolution images of soft tissues inside the body
221
what is a muscle biopsy
removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination to assess for abnormalities or disease
222
what is musculoskeletal ultrasound
ultrasonic waves are used to image muscles, tendons and jounts
