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Medical Terminology > Unit 2 - Chapter 15 - Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Chapter 15 - Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what does the musxuloskeletal system include

A

bones, muscles and joints

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2
Q

what is the function of bones

A
  • framework on which the body is consructed
  • protect and support internal organs
  • assist the body in movement
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3
Q

what are inner bones composed of and what do they do

A
  • composed of hematopoietic tissue (red bone marrow, which manufactures blood cells)
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4
Q

what do outer bones do

A

storage area for minerals necessary for growth such as calcium and phosphorus

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5
Q

what are joints

A
  • the places at which bones come together
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6
Q

how is the type of joint found in a specific location determined

A
  • determined by the need for greater or lesser flexibility of movement
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7
Q

where are muscles found

A
  • attached to bones or to internal organs and blood vessels
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8
Q

what do muscles do

A
  • responsible for movement
  • involved in the contraction and relacation of muscles
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9
Q

what are tendons

A

connective tissue that bind muscle to bones

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10
Q

what do ligaments do

A

bind bones to other bones

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11
Q

what do orthopedists do

A

they are physicians who treat bone, joint and muscle conditions

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12
Q

what do rheumatologists specialize in

A

joint problems

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13
Q

what do physiatrists focus on

A

focus on rehibilitation after injury or illness to bones, muscles and nerves

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14
Q

what does a medical doctor (MD) and doctor of osteopathy (DO) have in common

A

they can both specialize in orthopedics, rheumatology and physiatry

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15
Q

expand on a chiropractors education

A
  • not a physician but has extensice training in using physical means to manipulate the spinal column, joints and soft tissues
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16
Q

expand on a physical therapist

A

someone with a doctoral degree who develops a treatment plan based on a patients physical imparements, with or without a physicians diagnosis

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17
Q

what is the goal of physiotherapy

A

to restore function, improve function, improve mobility and relieve pain

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18
Q

expand on athletic trainers

A
  • non physicians who work witha physician to provude therapeutic intervention and rehabilitation for injuries and medical conditions
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19
Q

what are bones composed of

A

composed of a specialized tissue called osseous tissue and a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves

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20
Q

what does osseous tissue consist of

A

osteocytes (bone cells), dense connective tissue strands (collagen) and intercellular calcium salts

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21
Q

during fetal development, what are the bones composed of

A

cartilage

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22
Q

what is ossification

A

the process of when the embryo develops, the cartilage that the bone is composed of is slowly replace with immature bone cells and calcium deposits

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23
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

the immature osteocytes that replace the cartilage during ossification

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24
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

large cells that function to reabsorb, or digest bony tissue (bone phagocytes)

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25
Q

what are the 3 things needed for the formation of bones

A

calcium, phosphorus, vitamin d

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26
Q

how many bones are there in the body

A

206

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27
Q

where are long bones found

A

in the thigh, lowe leg and upper/lower arm

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28
Q

where are short bones found

A

in the wrist and ankle

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29
Q

whare are flat bones found

A

found in spots covering soft body parts like the skull, shoulder blades, ribs and pelvis

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30
Q

what are sesamoid bones and where are they found

A
  • small, rounded bones (resembling a sesame seed)
  • found near joints (ex. knee cap)
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31
Q

what is the shaft, or middle region of a long bone called

A

diaphysis

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32
Q

what is each end of a long bone called

A

epiphysis

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33
Q

what is the area called of cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new bone tissues as the bone grows

A

epiphyseal line or plate

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34
Q

what is the flared portion of the bone that lies between the epiphysis and the disphysis

A

metaphysis

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35
Q

what is the strong fibrous membrane that coveres the surface of long bones

A

periosteum

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36
Q

there is a tissue on the joints that attaches bone to bone at the end of long bones….what is that called

A

articular catilage

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37
Q

what is the layer of hard, dense bone that lies under the peiosteum in all bones and is located cheifly around the diaphysis of long bones

A

compact (cortical) bone

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38
Q

within the compact bone there as a system of small canals containing blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the bone and remove waste products such as carbon dioxide…..what are these samm canals called

A

haversian canals

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39
Q

what is compact bone tunneled one in the center shaft of long bones by and which contains yellow bone marrow

A

medullary cavity

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40
Q

what bome is more pourous and less dense than compact bone, found near the end of a long bone

A

cancellous bone, also sometimes called spongy or trabecular bone

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41
Q

what are the interwoven fibers called that are found in the epiphyses and metaphyses

A

trabeculae

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42
Q

what is hematopoiesis

A

the production of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow

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43
Q

what are bone processes

A

enlarged area that extend out from bones and serve as attachments for muscles, tendons and ligaments

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44
Q

what are bone depressions

A

openings or hollow regions serving as conenctions between bones, or passageways for blood vessels and nerves

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45
Q

what are sutures

A

joints at which cranial bones join each other

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46
Q

what are fontanelles

A

gaps in a newborn childs skull of unossified tissue, also called soft spots

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47
Q

expand on the frontal bone

A

forms the foreheas and the roof of the bony sockets that contain the eyes

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48
Q

expand on the parietal bone

A

the 2 bones (one on each side of the skill) that form the roof and upper part of the sides of the cranium

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49
Q

expand on the temporal bone

A

the two bones that form the lower sides and base of the cranium. each bone encloses an ear and contains a fossa for joining with the mandible (lower jawbone)

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50
Q

expand on the temporomadibular joint (tmj)

A

the area of connection between the temporal and mandibular bones

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51
Q

expand on the mastoid process

A

round process of the temporal bone behind the ear

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52
Q

exapnd on the styloid process

A

pole that projects downward from the temporal bone

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53
Q

expand on the occipital bone

A

forms the back and base of the skull and joins the parietal and temporal bones, forming a suture

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54
Q

expand on the foramen magnum

A

the opening of the inferior portion of the occiptal bone

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55
Q

expand on the sphenoid bone

A

bat shaped bone that extends behind the eyes and forms part of the base of the skull

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56
Q

expand on the sella turcica

A

a depression in the sphenoid bone in which the pituitary gland is located

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57
Q

expand on the ethmoid bone

A

thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the sockets of the eyes. Composed of spongey cancellous bone. `

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58
Q

expand on the nasal bone

A

two slender bones that support the bridge of the nose. they join with the frontal bone and form part of the nasal septum

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59
Q

expand on the lacrimal bone

A

two, small, thin bones located at the corner of each eye. contain fossae for the lacrimal gland and canals for the passage of the lacrimal duct

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60
Q

expand on the mandibular bone

A

the lower jawbone (mandible). contain sockets called alveoli in which the teeth are embedded

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61
Q

expand on the maxillary bone

A

two large bones that compose the massive upper jawbones. joined by a suture in the median plane

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62
Q

expand on zygomatic bones

A

the two bones, one on each side of the face, that form the high portion of the cheek

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63
Q

expand on the vomer

A

the thin, single flat bone that forms the lower portion of the nasal septum

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64
Q

expand on sinuses

A

also known as air cavities. found in specific places within the cranial and facial bones to lighten the skull and warm and moisten air as it passes through,

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65
Q

expand on the scapula

A

shoulder blade

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66
Q

expand on the sternum

A

breastbone . the lower portion of the sternum is called the xiphoid process. the upper portion is called the manubrium.

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67
Q

expand on the ribs

A

there are 12 pairs of ribs. the first 7 are joined by costal cartilages. ribs 1 to 7 are called true ribs. ribs 8 to 10 are called false ribs. ribs 11 to 12 are called floating ribs

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68
Q

expand on the humerus

A

upper arm bone. labrum helps guide its movement.

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69
Q

expand on the ulna

A

medial lower arm bone. the bony process of the ulna at the elbow is called the olecranon

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70
Q

expand on the radius

A

lateral lower arm bone

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71
Q

expand on the carpals

A

the wrist bones

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72
Q

expand on the metacarpals

A

5 bones of the palm of the hand

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73
Q

expand on the phalanges

A

finger bones

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74
Q

expand on the pelvic girdle

A

pelvis

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75
Q

expand on the ilium

A

uppermost and largest portion of the pelvis

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76
Q

expand on the ischium

A

inferior or lower part of the pelvis

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77
Q

expand on the pubis

A

anterior part of the pelvis

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78
Q

expand on the pelvic cavity

A

region within the ring of bone formed by the pelvic girdle

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79
Q

expand on the femur

A

thigh bone

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80
Q

expand on the patella

A

kneecap

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81
Q

expand on the tibia

A

larger of the 2 bones of the lower leg

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82
Q

expand on the fibula

A

smaller of the 2 bones of the lower leg

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83
Q

expand on the tarsals

A

bones of the hind and mid parts of the foot

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84
Q

expand on the metatarsals

A

bones between the tarsals and ohalanges

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85
Q

expand on the phalanges of the foot

A

bones of the fore foot (toe bones)

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86
Q

calc/o or calci/o

A

calcium

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87
Q

kyph/o

A

humpback, hunchback

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88
Q

lamin/o

A

lamina

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89
Q

lord/o

A

curve, wayback

90
Q

lumb/o

A

loins, lower back

91
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

92
Q

orth/o

A

straight

93
Q

oste/o

A

bone

94
Q

scoli/o

A

crooked, bent

95
Q

spondyl/o (used to make words about conditions of the structure)

A

vertebra

96
Q

vertebr/o (used to describe the structure itself)

A

vertebra

97
Q

-blast

A

embryonic or immature cell

98
Q

-clast

A

to break

99
Q

-listhesis

A

slipping

100
Q

-malacia

A

softening

101
Q

-physis

A

to grow

102
Q

-porosis

A
  • pore, passage
103
Q

-tome

A

instrument to cut

104
Q

acetabul/o

A

acetabulum

105
Q

calcane/o

A

calcaneus

106
Q

carp/o

A

carpals

107
Q

clavicul/o

A

clavicle

108
Q

cost/o

A

ribs

109
Q

crani/o

A

cranium (skull)

110
Q

femor/o

A

femur

111
Q

fibul/o

A

fibula

112
Q

humer/o

A

humerus

113
Q

ili/o

A

ilium

114
Q

ischi/o

A

ischium

115
Q

malleol/o

A

malleolus

116
Q

mandibul/o

A

mandible

117
Q

maxill/o

A

maxilla

118
Q

metacarp/o

A

metacarpals

119
Q

metatars/o

A

metatarsals

120
Q

olecran/o

A

olecranon

121
Q

patell/o

A

patella

122
Q

pelv/o

A

pelvis

123
Q

phalang/o

A

phalanges

124
Q

pub/o

A

pubis

125
Q

radi/o

A

radius

126
Q

scapul/o

A

scapula

127
Q

stern/o

A

sternum

128
Q

tars/o

A

tarsals

129
Q

tibi/o

A

tibia

130
Q

uln/o

A

ulna

131
Q

what is a ewing sarcoma

A

rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occuring in children

132
Q

what is a exostosis

A

bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone

133
Q

what is a fracture

A

traumatic breaking of a bone

134
Q

what is a osteogenic sarcoma

A

malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found primarly in children and adolscents

135
Q

what is osteomalacia

A

softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone

136
Q

what is osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection

137
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

decrease in bone density (mass), thinning and weakening of a bone

138
Q

what is articular cartilage

A

smooth white tissue that covers the ends of bones at joints

139
Q

what is articulation

A

any type of joint

140
Q

what is bursa

A

sac of fluid near a joint, promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another

141
Q

what is a ligament

A

fibrous, connective band binding bones to other bones; supports, strengthens and stabilizes the joint

142
Q

what is meniscus

A

crescent shaped fibrocartilaginous structure, which helps provide cushion for a joint

143
Q

what is a suture joint

A

immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull

144
Q

what is the synovial cavity

A

space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane

145
Q

what is synovial fluid

A

sticky fluid within the synovial fluis that is similiar to egg whites

146
Q

what is the synovial joint

A

free movable joint

147
Q

what is the synovial membrane

A

tissue lining the synovial membrane which produces synovial fluid

148
Q

what is a tendon

A

fibrous, connective tissue binding muscles to bones

149
Q

ankyl/o

A

stiff

150
Q

arthr/o

A

joint

151
Q

articul/o

A

joint

152
Q

burs/o

A

bursa

153
Q

chondro/o

A

cartilage

154
Q

ligament/o

A

ligament

155
Q

rheumat/o

A

watery flow

156
Q

synov/o

A

synovial membrane

157
Q

ten/o

A

tendon

158
Q

tendin/o

A

tendon

159
Q

-desis

A

to bind, tie together

160
Q
  • stenosis
A

narrowing

161
Q

what is arthritis

A

inflammation of any joint

162
Q

what is ankylosing spondylitis

A

chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine

163
Q

what is gouty arthritis (gout)

A

inflammation and painful swelling in and around joints caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals

164
Q

what is osteoarthritis

A

progressive, degenerative, jointdisease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone at articular surfaces

165
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tisue, particularly the synovial membrane

166
Q

what is a bunion

A

an enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe

167
Q

what is carpal tunnel syndrome

A

compression of the median nerve as it passes between the transverse ligament and bones and tendons of the wrist

168
Q

what is dislocation

A

displacement of a bone from its joint

169
Q

what is a ganglion cyst

A

fluid filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons

170
Q

what is herniation of an intervertebral disc

A

abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disc into the spinal canal or spinal nerves

171
Q

what is lyme disease

A

chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia and malaise; cause is a bacterium carried by a tick

172
Q

what is a sprain

A

an injury, often the result of trauma, involving overstretching of the ligaments around a joint

173
Q

what is systemic lupus erythematosus

A

chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, central nervous system, heart and lungs

174
Q

what is abduction

A

movement away from the midline of the body

175
Q

was is adduction

A

movement toward the midline of the body

176
Q

what is dorsiflexion

A

upward movement of the foot

177
Q

what is extension

A

straightening of a flexed limb

178
Q

what is fascia

A

fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles

179
Q

what is flexion

A

bending a limb; decreasing the angle between bones

180
Q

what is insertion of a muscle

A

connection of the muscle to a stationary bone; usuallyy proximal on the skeleton

181
Q

what is plantar flexion

A

downward movement of the foot

182
Q

what is pronation

A

turning the palm downwardw

183
Q

what is rotation

A

circular movement around a central point

184
Q

what is a striated muscle

A

muscle connected to bones

185
Q

what is supination

A

turning the palm upward

186
Q

what is visceral muscle

A

muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle

187
Q

fasci/o

A

fascia

188
Q

fibr/o

A

fibrous connective tissue

189
Q

leiomy/o

A

smooth muscle that lines the walls of internal organs

190
Q

my/o

A

muscle

191
Q

myocardi/o

A

heart muscle

192
Q

myos/o

A

muscle

193
Q

plant/o

A

sole of the foot

194
Q

rhabdomy/o

A

skeletal muscle connected to bones

195
Q

sarc/o

A

muscle and flesh

196
Q

-asthenia

A

lack of strength

197
Q

-trophy

A

development, nourishment

198
Q

ab-

A

away from

199
Q

ad-

A

toward

200
Q

dorsi-

A

back

201
Q

poly-

A

many, much

202
Q

what is muscular distrophy

A

group of inherited disease characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvment of the nervous system

203
Q

what is polymyositis

A

chronic inflammatory myopathy

204
Q

expand on antinuclear antibody test

A

detects an antibosy often present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune disease

205
Q

expand on c-reactive protein test

A

blood test to measure levels of a protein made by the liver

206
Q

expand on erythrocyte sedimentation rate

A

measures time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube

207
Q

expand on the rheumatoid factor test

A

serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in many patients with rheumatoid arthritis

208
Q

expand on serum calcium

A

measurement of calcium in serum

209
Q

expand on serum creatine kinase

A

measurement of creatine kinase in serum

210
Q

expand on uric acid test

A

measurement of uric acis in serum

211
Q

what is an arthrocentesis

A

surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space

212
Q

what is a arthrography

A

taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint

213
Q

what is a arthroplasty

A

surgical repair or replacement if a joint

214
Q

what is a arthroscopy

A

visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope, which projects an image on a video monitor

215
Q

what is a bone density test

A

low energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass

216
Q

what is a bone scan

A

uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone, also called a bone scintigraphy

217
Q

what is computed tomography (CT)

A

x-ray beam and computer show cross-sectional and other images of body tissues

218
Q

what is a discography

A

x-ray examination of cervial or lumbar intervertebral disc after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus

219
Q

what is electromyography

A

recording the electricity of muscle tissue

220
Q

what is magnetic resonance imaging (mri)

A

strong magnetic field and advances computing technology are used to create high resolution images of soft tissues inside the body

221
Q

what is a muscle biopsy

A

removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination to assess for abnormalities or disease

222
Q

what is musculoskeletal ultrasound

A

ultrasonic waves are used to image muscles, tendons and jounts

Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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