Unit 1 - Chapter 19 - Cancer Medicine Flashcards
what is cancer caused by
abnormal and excessive growth of cells
what do cancer cells accumulate as
malignant tumors
what are the 3 things malignant tumors do
they compress, invade and destroy the surrounding normal tissue
how do cancerous cells spread throughout the body
through the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels
what are the 3 most common cancers for women
lung, breast and colorectal
what are the 3 most common cancers for men
lung, colorectal and prostate
what are neoplasms
new growths that arise from normal tissue
what does benign mean
non cancerous
what are the 4 traits of benign tumors
- slow growing
- encapsulated and noninvasive
- well differentiated
- nonmetastatic
what are the 4 traits of malignant tumors
- rapid growth
- invasive and infilitrative
- anaplastic and undifferntiated
- metastaic
malignant tumors are anaplastic, expand on that
their dna stops making normal codes that allow the cells to carry on the function of differntiating mature cells
what can dna damage be caused by
toxic chemicals, sunlight, smoke, viruses
what are some examples of chemical carcinogens
asbestos, dyes, hormones, hydrocarbons, insecticides
what are some examples of radiation carcinogens
sunlight, x-rays, radioactive substances
what are some examples of virus carcinogens
- human T cell lukemia virus, hpv, hepititis B and C
what are oncogenes
normal pieces of dna that when activiated by a mutation can convert a normal cell to a cancerous one
what is histogenesis
identifying something based on the type of tissue
what is a carcinoma
a solid tumor
what is a adenoma
a tumor that is of epithelial or glandular origin
what is a sarcoma
tumors derived from connective tissues
what is mesenchymal tissue
the embryonic connective tissue from which sarcomas are derived from
what are mixed tissue tumors
tumors derived from epithelial and connective tissues
what does cystic mean
forming large open spaced filled with fluid
what are mucinous tumors filled with
mucous
what are serous tumors filled with
serum
what does fungating mean
mushrooming pattern of growth in which tumor cells pile one on top of another and project from a tissue surface
what does inflammatory mean
having the features of inflammation - redness, swelling, heat
what does medullary mean
large, soft, fleshy tumors
what does necrotic mean
containing dead tissue
what does polypoid mean
growths that form projections extending outward from a base
what do sessile polypoids extende from
a broad base
what do pedunculated polupoids extend from
a stem or stalk
what does ulcerating mean
characterized by an open, exposed surface resulting from the death of overlying tissue
what does verrucous mean
resembling a wart like growth
what does alveolar mean
tumor cells form patterns resembling small sacs
what does carcinoma in situ mean
referring to a localized tumor cell that have not invaded adjacent structures
what does diffuse mean
spreading evenly throughout the affected tissue
what does dysplastic mean
containing abnormal-appearing cells that are not clearly cancerous
what does epidermoid mean
resembling squamous epithelial cells (thin, plate like)
what does follicular mean
small, round gland type clusters
what does papillary mean
forming small, finger like or nipple like projections of cells
what does pleomorphic mean
composed of a variety of types of cells
what does scirrhous mean
densely packed tumors, due to dense bands of fibrous tissue
what does undifferentiated mean
lacking any microscopic structures typical of normal mature cells
what is grading cancer based on
the appearence
what is staging cancer based on
the extent of the spread
expand on grade 1 tumors
very well differntiated
expand on grade 2 and 3 tumors
moderately/poorly differntiated
expand on grade 4 tumors
so undifferentiated or anaplastic that even recognizing the tissue of origin can be difficult
what are the 3 notations in a staging system for cancer
t - tumor
n - nodes
m - metastasis
what does tnm stand for in terms of the staging system
tumor-node-metasis international staging system
what is cauterization
destructions of tissue by burning
what is a core needle biopsy
placement of a large bore needle that extracts a core of tissue
what is cyrosurgery
use of subfreezing temperature to destroy tissue
what is en bloc resection
tumor is removed along with surrounding tissue containing lymph nodes or areas of tumor spread
what is excisional biopsy
removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue
what is exenteration
wide resection involving removal of the tumor, its organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in the body space
what is fine needle aspiration
placement of a very thin needle inside the tumor mass and extraction of cells for microscopic evaluation
what is fulguration
destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by a high frequency current
what is incisional biopsy
piece of tumor is removed for examination to establish a diagnosis
what is radiation therapy
employs high energy beams to destroy tumors
what is high dose irradiation
expire of tissue to radiation that destroys tumor cells and produces damage to dna
what is brachytherapy
small sealed containers or seeds of radioactive material are inserted directly into the tumor
what is an electron beam
low energy beams for treatment of skin or surface tumors
what is external beam irradiation (teletheraphy)
radiation therapy applied to a tumor from a distant source
what is fractionation
method of dividing radiation into small repeated doses rather than fewer larger doses
what is a gray (gy)
unit of absorbed radiation dose
what is a linear accelerator
large electronic device that produced high energy x-ray eams for the treatment of deep-seated tumors
what is photon therapy
radiation therapy using x-rays or gamma rays
what is proton therapy
small subatomic positively charged protons produced by a cyclotron deposit all the energy at a focused finite point
what is radiation fields
dimensions of an irradiated area used to treat a tumor from a specific angle
what is radiocurable tumor
tumor that can be completely eradicated by radiation therapy
what is radioresistant tumor
tumor that required large does of radiation to produce death of cells
what is radiosensitive tumor
tumor in which irradiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue
what is radiosensitizers
drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays
what is stimulation
imaging study performed before radiation therapy using ct/mri scan to map the treatment area
what is stereotactic radiosurgery
single large dose of radiation is delivered under precise, sterotactic 3d guidance
what do cancer drugs do to cells
cause death by damaging their dna
expand on adjuvant chemotherapy
administration of drugs after surgery
expand on neoadjuvant chemotherapy
administration of drugs before surgery
what are alkylating agents
drugs that create chemical bonds with dna, leading to crosslinks and breaks in dna that interfere with cell division
what are antibiotic s
drugs produced by bacteria or fungi that inhibit cell division by causing breaks in dna strands
what are antimetabolites
drugs that block synthesis of dna components and prevent cells from dividing
what are antimitotics
drugs that block the function of a protein that is necessary for mitosis
what are hormonal agents
drugs that block hormone receptors on cells so that growth is inhibited
expand on molecularly targeted therapy
cancer therapy that uses drugs to attack specific oncogenic mutations that drive cancer cell growth
expand on immunotherapy
the use of immune cells or antibodies to kill tumors
what are lab engineered antibodies called
monoclonal antibodies
alveol/o
small sac
cac/o
bad
carcin/o
cancer
cauter/o
burn, heat
chem/o
chemical, drug
cry/o
cold
cyst/o
sac of fluis
fibr/o
fibers
follicul/o
small glandular sacs
fungi/o
fungus, mushroom
medull/o
soft, inner part
mucos/o
mucous membrane
mut/a
genetic change
mutagen/o
causing genetic change
necr/o
death
neur/o
nerve
onc/o
tumor
papill/o
nipple like
plas/o
formation
ple/o
many, more
polyp/o
polyp
prot/o
first
radi/o
rays
sarc/o
flesh
scirrh/o
hard
xer/o
dry
blastoma
immature tumor
genesis
formation
oma
mass, tumor
plasia
formation, growth
plasm
formation, growth
suppression
to stop
therapy
treatment
ana
backward
apo
off, away
brachy
short
epi
upon
meta
beyond, changen
neo
new
tele
far
what is cytogenetic analysis
chromosomes of normal or tumor cells are examined for breaks, translocations, or deletions of dna
immunohistochemistry
localization of antigens or proteins in tissues using labeled (colored or flurorescent antibodies)
protein marker tests
measure the level of proteins in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells
what is bone marrow biopsy
aspiration of bone marrow cells and removal of a core of bone marrow tissue that will be examined under a microscope for evidence of malignancy
what is bone marrow or stem cell transplantation
bone marrow or stem cells are infused intravenously into a patient
what is core needle biopsy
insertion of a large bore needle into tissue to remove a core of cells for microscopic examination
what is exfoliative cytology
cells are scaped from the region of suspected disease and examined under a microscope
what is fiberoptic colonoscopy
visual examination of the colon using a fiberoptic instrument
what is laparoscopy
visual examination of the abdominal cavity using small incisions and a laparoscope
what is liquid biopsy
blood test to look for cancer cells or for pieces of dna from cancer cells
what is mammography
x-ray examination of the breast to detect breast cancer
what is pet-ct scan
diagnostic procedure combiting ct and pert
what is radionuclide scans
radioactive substances are injected intravenously and scans of images are obtained
