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Medical Terminology > Unit 1 - Chapter 19 - Cancer Medicine > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Chapter 19 - Cancer Medicine Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what is cancer caused by

A

abnormal and excessive growth of cells

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2
Q

what do cancer cells accumulate as

A

malignant tumors

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3
Q

what are the 3 things malignant tumors do

A

they compress, invade and destroy the surrounding normal tissue

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4
Q

how do cancerous cells spread throughout the body

A

through the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

what are the 3 most common cancers for women

A

lung, breast and colorectal

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6
Q

what are the 3 most common cancers for men

A

lung, colorectal and prostate

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7
Q

what are neoplasms

A

new growths that arise from normal tissue

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8
Q

what does benign mean

A

non cancerous

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9
Q

what are the 4 traits of benign tumors

A
  • slow growing
  • encapsulated and noninvasive
  • well differentiated
  • nonmetastatic
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10
Q

what are the 4 traits of malignant tumors

A
  • rapid growth
  • invasive and infilitrative
  • anaplastic and undifferntiated
  • metastaic
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11
Q

malignant tumors are anaplastic, expand on that

A

their dna stops making normal codes that allow the cells to carry on the function of differntiating mature cells

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12
Q

what can dna damage be caused by

A

toxic chemicals, sunlight, smoke, viruses

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13
Q

what are some examples of chemical carcinogens

A

asbestos, dyes, hormones, hydrocarbons, insecticides

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14
Q

what are some examples of radiation carcinogens

A

sunlight, x-rays, radioactive substances

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15
Q

what are some examples of virus carcinogens

A
  • human T cell lukemia virus, hpv, hepititis B and C
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16
Q

what are oncogenes

A

normal pieces of dna that when activiated by a mutation can convert a normal cell to a cancerous one

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17
Q

what is histogenesis

A

identifying something based on the type of tissue

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18
Q

what is a carcinoma

A

a solid tumor

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19
Q

what is a adenoma

A

a tumor that is of epithelial or glandular origin

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20
Q

what is a sarcoma

A

tumors derived from connective tissues

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21
Q

what is mesenchymal tissue

A

the embryonic connective tissue from which sarcomas are derived from

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22
Q

what are mixed tissue tumors

A

tumors derived from epithelial and connective tissues

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23
Q

what does cystic mean

A

forming large open spaced filled with fluid

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24
Q

what are mucinous tumors filled with

A

mucous

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25
Q

what are serous tumors filled with

A

serum

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26
Q

what does fungating mean

A

mushrooming pattern of growth in which tumor cells pile one on top of another and project from a tissue surface

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27
Q

what does inflammatory mean

A

having the features of inflammation - redness, swelling, heat

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28
Q

what does medullary mean

A

large, soft, fleshy tumors

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29
Q

what does necrotic mean

A

containing dead tissue

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30
Q

what does polypoid mean

A

growths that form projections extending outward from a base

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31
Q

what do sessile polypoids extende from

A

a broad base

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32
Q

what do pedunculated polupoids extend from

A

a stem or stalk

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33
Q

what does ulcerating mean

A

characterized by an open, exposed surface resulting from the death of overlying tissue

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34
Q

what does verrucous mean

A

resembling a wart like growth

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35
Q

what does alveolar mean

A

tumor cells form patterns resembling small sacs

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36
Q

what does carcinoma in situ mean

A

referring to a localized tumor cell that have not invaded adjacent structures

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37
Q

what does diffuse mean

A

spreading evenly throughout the affected tissue

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38
Q

what does dysplastic mean

A

containing abnormal-appearing cells that are not clearly cancerous

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39
Q

what does epidermoid mean

A

resembling squamous epithelial cells (thin, plate like)

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40
Q

what does follicular mean

A

small, round gland type clusters

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41
Q

what does papillary mean

A

forming small, finger like or nipple like projections of cells

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42
Q

what does pleomorphic mean

A

composed of a variety of types of cells

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43
Q

what does scirrhous mean

A

densely packed tumors, due to dense bands of fibrous tissue

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44
Q

what does undifferentiated mean

A

lacking any microscopic structures typical of normal mature cells

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45
Q

what is grading cancer based on

A

the appearence

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46
Q

what is staging cancer based on

A

the extent of the spread

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47
Q

expand on grade 1 tumors

A

very well differntiated

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48
Q

expand on grade 2 and 3 tumors

A

moderately/poorly differntiated

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49
Q

expand on grade 4 tumors

A

so undifferentiated or anaplastic that even recognizing the tissue of origin can be difficult

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50
Q

what are the 3 notations in a staging system for cancer

A

t - tumor
n - nodes
m - metastasis

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51
Q

what does tnm stand for in terms of the staging system

A

tumor-node-metasis international staging system

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52
Q

what is cauterization

A

destructions of tissue by burning

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53
Q

what is a core needle biopsy

A

placement of a large bore needle that extracts a core of tissue

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54
Q

what is cyrosurgery

A

use of subfreezing temperature to destroy tissue

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55
Q

what is en bloc resection

A

tumor is removed along with surrounding tissue containing lymph nodes or areas of tumor spread

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56
Q

what is excisional biopsy

A

removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue

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57
Q

what is exenteration

A

wide resection involving removal of the tumor, its organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in the body space

58
Q

what is fine needle aspiration

A

placement of a very thin needle inside the tumor mass and extraction of cells for microscopic evaluation

59
Q

what is fulguration

A

destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by a high frequency current

60
Q

what is incisional biopsy

A

piece of tumor is removed for examination to establish a diagnosis

61
Q

what is radiation therapy

A

employs high energy beams to destroy tumors

62
Q

what is high dose irradiation

A

expire of tissue to radiation that destroys tumor cells and produces damage to dna

63
Q

what is brachytherapy

A

small sealed containers or seeds of radioactive material are inserted directly into the tumor

64
Q

what is an electron beam

A

low energy beams for treatment of skin or surface tumors

65
Q

what is external beam irradiation (teletheraphy)

A

radiation therapy applied to a tumor from a distant source

66
Q

what is fractionation

A

method of dividing radiation into small repeated doses rather than fewer larger doses

67
Q

what is a gray (gy)

A

unit of absorbed radiation dose

68
Q

what is a linear accelerator

A

large electronic device that produced high energy x-ray eams for the treatment of deep-seated tumors

69
Q

what is photon therapy

A

radiation therapy using x-rays or gamma rays

70
Q

what is proton therapy

A

small subatomic positively charged protons produced by a cyclotron deposit all the energy at a focused finite point

71
Q

what is radiation fields

A

dimensions of an irradiated area used to treat a tumor from a specific angle

72
Q

what is radiocurable tumor

A

tumor that can be completely eradicated by radiation therapy

73
Q

what is radioresistant tumor

A

tumor that required large does of radiation to produce death of cells

74
Q

what is radiosensitive tumor

A

tumor in which irradiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue

75
Q

what is radiosensitizers

A

drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays

76
Q

what is stimulation

A

imaging study performed before radiation therapy using ct/mri scan to map the treatment area

77
Q

what is stereotactic radiosurgery

A

single large dose of radiation is delivered under precise, sterotactic 3d guidance

78
Q

what do cancer drugs do to cells

A

cause death by damaging their dna

79
Q

expand on adjuvant chemotherapy

A

administration of drugs after surgery

80
Q

expand on neoadjuvant chemotherapy

A

administration of drugs before surgery

81
Q

what are alkylating agents

A

drugs that create chemical bonds with dna, leading to crosslinks and breaks in dna that interfere with cell division

82
Q

what are antibiotic s

A

drugs produced by bacteria or fungi that inhibit cell division by causing breaks in dna strands

83
Q

what are antimetabolites

A

drugs that block synthesis of dna components and prevent cells from dividing

84
Q

what are antimitotics

A

drugs that block the function of a protein that is necessary for mitosis

85
Q

what are hormonal agents

A

drugs that block hormone receptors on cells so that growth is inhibited

86
Q

expand on molecularly targeted therapy

A

cancer therapy that uses drugs to attack specific oncogenic mutations that drive cancer cell growth

87
Q

expand on immunotherapy

A

the use of immune cells or antibodies to kill tumors

88
Q

what are lab engineered antibodies called

A

monoclonal antibodies

89
Q

alveol/o

A

small sac

90
Q

cac/o

A

bad

91
Q

carcin/o

A

cancer

92
Q

cauter/o

A

burn, heat

93
Q

chem/o

A

chemical, drug

94
Q

cry/o

A

cold

95
Q

cyst/o

A

sac of fluis

96
Q

fibr/o

A

fibers

97
Q

follicul/o

A

small glandular sacs

98
Q

fungi/o

A

fungus, mushroom

99
Q

medull/o

A

soft, inner part

100
Q

mucos/o

A

mucous membrane

101
Q

mut/a

A

genetic change

102
Q

mutagen/o

A

causing genetic change

103
Q

necr/o

A

death

104
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

105
Q

onc/o

A

tumor

106
Q

papill/o

A

nipple like

107
Q

plas/o

A

formation

108
Q

ple/o

A

many, more

109
Q

polyp/o

A

polyp

110
Q

prot/o

A

first

111
Q

radi/o

A

rays

112
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh

113
Q

scirrh/o

A

hard

114
Q

xer/o

A

dry

115
Q

blastoma

A

immature tumor

116
Q

genesis

A

formation

117
Q

oma

A

mass, tumor

118
Q

plasia

A

formation, growth

119
Q

plasm

A

formation, growth

120
Q

suppression

A

to stop

121
Q

therapy

A

treatment

122
Q

ana

A

backward

123
Q

apo

A

off, away

124
Q

brachy

A

short

125
Q

epi

A

upon

126
Q

meta

A

beyond, changen

127
Q

neo

A

new

128
Q

tele

A

far

129
Q

what is cytogenetic analysis

A

chromosomes of normal or tumor cells are examined for breaks, translocations, or deletions of dna

130
Q

immunohistochemistry

A

localization of antigens or proteins in tissues using labeled (colored or flurorescent antibodies)

131
Q

protein marker tests

A

measure the level of proteins in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells

132
Q

what is bone marrow biopsy

A

aspiration of bone marrow cells and removal of a core of bone marrow tissue that will be examined under a microscope for evidence of malignancy

133
Q

what is bone marrow or stem cell transplantation

A

bone marrow or stem cells are infused intravenously into a patient

134
Q

what is core needle biopsy

A

insertion of a large bore needle into tissue to remove a core of cells for microscopic examination

135
Q

what is exfoliative cytology

A

cells are scaped from the region of suspected disease and examined under a microscope

136
Q

what is fiberoptic colonoscopy

A

visual examination of the colon using a fiberoptic instrument

137
Q

what is laparoscopy

A

visual examination of the abdominal cavity using small incisions and a laparoscope

138
Q

what is liquid biopsy

A

blood test to look for cancer cells or for pieces of dna from cancer cells

139
Q

what is mammography

A

x-ray examination of the breast to detect breast cancer

140
Q

what is pet-ct scan

A

diagnostic procedure combiting ct and pert

141
Q

what is radionuclide scans

A

radioactive substances are injected intravenously and scans of images are obtained

Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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