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Medical Terminology > Unit 2 - Chapter 11 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Chapter 11 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 3 types of blood vessels in the body

A

arteries
veins
capillaries

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2
Q

what are arteries

A

large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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3
Q

what are arteries lined with

A

lined with connective tissue, muscle tissue and elastic fibers, with an innermost layer of epithelial cells called endothelium

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4
Q

endothelial cells secrete factors that effect what

A

the size of blood vessels, reduce blood clotting, promote the growth of blood vessels

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5
Q

what are smaller branches of arteries called and what do they do

A
  • called arterioles
  • thinner than arteries
  • carry the blood to the tiniest blood vessels, the capillaries
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6
Q

what are capillaries

A

tiniest blood vessels whose walls are one epithelial cell thick

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7
Q

what do capillaries do

A

carry nutrient-rich oxygenated blood from the arteries and arterioles to the body cells
- thin walls allow passage of oxygen and nutrients out of the bloodstream into cells

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8
Q

what happens with the waste filled blood after they aren’t used in the capillaries

A

they flow to the venules which combine to form larger vessels called veins

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9
Q

what do veins do

A

they conduct blood toward the heart from the tissues

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10
Q

explain the structure of veins

A
  • have valves that prevent the backflow of blood and keep the blood moving in one direction
  • have little elastic tissue and connective tissue, low blood pressure
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11
Q

what happens to oxygen deficit blood

A
  • it flows through the venae cavae on it’s way from the tissue capillaries to the heart
  • then enters the right side of the heart and travels to the pulmonary artery and traveling through arteries until they reach the lung capillary
  • while passing through the lung capillary the blood absorbs oxygen that enters the body during inhalation
  • newly oxygenated blood returns to the heart through pulmonary veins
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12
Q

what is unusual about the pulmonary veins

A

they are the only veins that carry oxygen rich blood

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13
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

the process of blood going through the vessels from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart again

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14
Q

what happens with oxygenated blood

A
  • enters the left side of the heart from the pulmonary veins through the aorta which divides into branches called arteries
  • arteries branch into arterioles which branch into tissue capillaries which are near the body cells
  • oxygen, carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells, leaves the blood and passes through the thin capillary calls to enter thr body cells
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15
Q

what does the carotid artery do

A

supply blood to the head and neck

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16
Q

what is systemic circulation

A

the pathway of blood from the heart to the tissue capillaries and back to the heart

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17
Q

how much does the human heart weigh

A

less than a pound (300-450g)

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18
Q

expand on the hearts chambers

A
  • there are 4
  • the upper 2 are called atria
  • the lower 2 are called ventricles
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19
Q

expand on pump station 1 on the right side of the heart

A
  • sends oxygen deficient blood to the lungs, where the blood picks up oxygen and releases its carbon dioxide
  • the newly oxygenated blood returns to the left side of the heart to pump station number 2 and does not mix with blood from pump station number 1
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20
Q

expand on pump station 2 on the left side of the heart

A
  • forces oxygenated blood out to all parts of the body
  • at the body tissues, the blood loses its oxygen and on returning to the heart, to pump station 2, blood poor in oxygen is sent out to the lungs to begin the cycle again
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21
Q

what is the aorta

A

largest artery in the body

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22
Q

what is the apex of the heart

A

lower tip of the heart

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23
Q

what is a arteriole

A

small artery

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24
Q

what is a artery

A

largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body

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25
Q

what is a atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)

A

specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them

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26
Q

what is a atrioventricular node (av node)

A

specialized tissue in the wall between the atria
- electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker through the av node and the atrioventricular bundle or bundle or bundle of his toward the ventricles

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27
Q

what is the atrium

A

one of two chambers of the heart

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28
Q

what is a capillary

A

smallest type of blood vessel
- materials pass to and from the bloodstream through the thin capillary walls

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29
Q

what is carbon dioxide

A

gas released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart and then to the lungs for exhalation

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30
Q

what are carotid arteries

A
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31
Q

what are coronary arteries

A

blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen rich blood to the heart muscle

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32
Q

what does diastole mean

A

relaxation phase of the heartbeat

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33
Q

what is a electrocardiogram

A

record of the electricity of the heart

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34
Q

what is a endocardium

A

inner lining of the heart

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35
Q

what is the endothelium

A

innermost lining of blood vessels

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36
Q

what is the mitral valve

A

valve between the left atrium and left ventricle; bicuspid valve

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37
Q

what is a murmur

A

abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves

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38
Q

what is the myocardium

A

muscular middle layer of the heart

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39
Q

what is a normal sinus rhythm

A

heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a rate in patients at rest of 60 to 100 beats per minute

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40
Q

what is a pacemaker (sinoatrial node)

A

specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat
- an artificial pacemaker is an electronic apparatus implanted in the chest to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not functioning

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41
Q

what is the pericardium

A

double layered membrane surrounding the heart

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42
Q

what is the pulmonary artery

A

artery carrying oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs

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43
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

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44
Q

what is the pulmonary valve

A

valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

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45
Q

what is the pulmonary vein

A

one of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

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46
Q

what is the septum

A

partition or wall dividing a cavity; such as between the right and left atria and right and left ventricles

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47
Q

what is a sphygmomanometer

A

instrument to measure blood pressure

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48
Q

what is systemic circulation

A

flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues

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49
Q

what is systole

A

contraction phase of the heartbeat

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50
Q

what is the tricuspid valve

A

located between the right atrium and the right ventricle; has 3 cusps

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51
Q

what is a valve

A

structure in veins that

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52
Q

what is a vein

A

thin walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart; contains valves

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53
Q

what is a vena cava

A

largest vein in the body; return blood to the right atrium of the blood

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54
Q

what is a ventricle

A

chamber of the heart

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55
Q

what is a venule

A

small vein

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56
Q

angi/o

A

vessel

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57
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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58
Q

arter/o or arteri/o

A

artery

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59
Q

ather/o

A

yellowish plaque, fatty substance

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60
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

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61
Q

brachi/o

A

arm

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62
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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63
Q

holesterol/o

A

cholesterol

64
Q

coron/o

A

heart

65
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

66
Q

myx/o

A

mucus

67
Q

ox/o

A

oxygen

68
Q

pericardi/o

A

pericardium

69
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

70
Q

rrhythm/o

A

rhythm

71
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

72
Q

steth/o

A

chest

73
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

74
Q

valvul/o or valv/o

A

valve

75
Q

vas/o

A

vessel

76
Q

vascul/o

A

vessel

77
Q

ven/o or ven/i

A

vein

78
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle

79
Q

what is bradycardia and heart block (atrioventricular block)

A

failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)

80
Q

what does a biventricular pacemaker do

A

treats delays and abnormalities in ventricular contractions and also relieves symptoms and improves quality of life in patients with congestive heart failure

81
Q

what is a heart flutter

A

rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria

82
Q

what is fibrillation

A

very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart

83
Q

what is a implantable cardioverter defibrillator

A

small electrical device that is implanted inside the chest to sense arrhythmias and terminate them with an electric shock

84
Q

what is catheter ablation

A

minimally invasive procedure to treat cardiac arrhythmias

85
Q

what is congenital heart disease

A

abnormalities in the heart at birth

86
Q

what is coarctation of the aorta

A

narrowing of the aorta

87
Q

what is patent ductus arteriosus

A

passageway between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open after birth

88
Q

what are septal defects

A

small holes in the wall between the atria or the ventricles

89
Q

what is tetralogy or fallot

A

congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects

90
Q

what are the 4 heart defects that represent tetralogy or fallot

A
  • pulmonary artery stenosis (obstructed artery)
  • ventricular septal defect
  • shift of the aorta to the right
  • hypertrophy of the right venticle
91
Q

what is congestive heart failure

A

when heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood

92
Q

what is a left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

A

pump implanted in the abdomen that transports blood all throughout the body

93
Q

what is coronary artery disease

A

disease of the arteries surrounding the heart

94
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

dispositioning of fatty compounds on the inner lining of the coronary arteries

95
Q

what is thrombotic occlusion

A

blocking of the coronary artery by a clot

96
Q

what is endocarditis

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

97
Q

what is hypertensive heart disease

A

high blood pressure affecting the heart

98
Q

what is mitral valve prolapse

A

improper closure of the mitral valve

99
Q

what is a murmur

A

extra hear sound, heard between normal beats

100
Q

what is pericarditis

A

inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart

101
Q

what is rheumatic heart disease

A

heart disease caused by rheumatic fever

102
Q

what is an aneurysm

A

local widening of an atrial wall

103
Q

what is deep vein thrombosis (dvt)

A

blood blot (thombus) forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb

104
Q

what is hyper tension

A

high blood pressure

105
Q

what is peripheral arterial disease

A

blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys and other organs

106
Q

what is raynaud disease

A

recurrant episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes

107
Q

what are varicose veins

A

abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occuring in the legs

108
Q

what is acute coronary syndromes

A

unstable angina and myocardial infraction, which are consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries

109
Q

what is angina

A

chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia
- stable angina occurs predictably with exertion
- unstable angina is chest pain that occurs more often and with lest exertion

110
Q

what is angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor

A

antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II causing blood vessels to dilate
- it prevents heart attacks, stroke and death

111
Q

what is auscultation

A

listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope

112
Q

what is a beta blocker

A

drug used to treat angina, hypertension and arrhythmias
- blocks the action of epinephrine (adrenaline) at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heartbeat and reducing the workload on the heart

113
Q

what is a biventricular pacemaker

A

device enabling ventricles to beat together so that more blood is pumped out of the heart

114
Q

what is a bruit

A

abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ

115
Q

what is a calcium channel blocker

A

drug used to treat angina and hypertesion
- it dilates blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels

116
Q

what is cardiac arrest

A

sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action, often leading to sudden cardiac death

117
Q

what is cardiac tamonade

A
  • pressure on the heart caused by fluid in pericardial space
118
Q

what is claudication

A

pain, tension and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absense of pain at rest

119
Q

what is digoxin

A

drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat

120
Q

what is embolus

A

clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel

121
Q

what is infraction

A

area of dead tissue

122
Q

what are nitrates

A

drugs used in the treatment of angina
- dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and oxygen to myocardial tissue

123
Q

what is nitroglycerin

A

nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina

124
Q

what is occlusion

A

closure of a blood vessel due to a blockage

125
Q

what are palpitations

A

uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions

126
Q

what does patent mean

A

open

127
Q

what is a pericardial friction rub

A

scraping or grating noise heard by auscultation of the heart; suggestive of pericarditis

128
Q

what are petechiae

A

small pinpoint hemorrhages

129
Q

what are statins

A

drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream

130
Q

what is a thrill

A

vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow (as a blocked artery)

131
Q

what are vegetations

A

clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on diseased heart valves

132
Q

what is a BNP test

A

measurement of brain natriuretic peptide in the brain

133
Q

what are cardiac biomarkers

A

chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack

134
Q

what are lipid tests (lipid profile)

A

measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample

135
Q

what are lipoprotein electrophoresis

A

lipoproteins (combo of fat and protein) are physically separated and measured in a blood sample

136
Q

what is a angiography

A

x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material

137
Q

what is a arteriography

A

x-ray imaging of arteries after injection of contrast via a catheter into the aorta of a artery

138
Q

what is a computed tomography angiography

A

three dimensional x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using computed tomography

139
Q

what is a digital subtraction angiography

A

video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels

140
Q

what is electron beam computed tomography

A

electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD

141
Q

what are doppler ultrasound studies

A

sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels

142
Q

what is echocardiography

A

echoes generates by high frequency sound waves produce images of the heart

143
Q

what is positron emission tomography scan

A

images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose

144
Q

what is a cardiac MRI

A

images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field

145
Q

what is cardiac catherterization

A

thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or artery

146
Q

what is a electrocardiography

A

recording of electricity flowing through the heart

147
Q

what is holter monitoring

A

an ECG device is worn over a prolonged period to detect cardiac arrhythmias

148
Q

what is a stress test

A

exercise tolerance test determines the hearts response to physical exertion (stress)

149
Q

what is a catheter ablation

A

brief delivery of radiofrequency energy to ablate (remove) areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation

150
Q

what is coronary artery bypass grafting

A

arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages

151
Q

what is defibrillation

A

brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias

152
Q

what is an endarterectomy

A

surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery

153
Q

what is a extracorporeal circulation

A

heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired

154
Q

what is a heart transplantation

A

donor heart is transferred to a recipient

155
Q

what is a percutaneous coronary intervention

A

balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place

156
Q

what is thrombolytic therapy

A

drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis

157
Q

what is transcatheter aortic valve replacement

A

placement of a balloon expandable or self expanding aortic heart valve into the body via a catheter

Medical Terminology (12 decks)

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