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Medical Terminology > Unit 1 - Chapter 21 - Pharmacology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Chapter 21 - Pharmacology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what are drugs

A

substances that are used to prevent or treat a disease or condition

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2
Q

what are 3 ways that drugs are obtained from

A
  • plants
  • molds
  • animals
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3
Q

what happens to most drugs

A

they are synthesized (made) for commercial purposes in a lab

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4
Q

what are vitamins

A

drugs that occur naturally in plant/animal sources and are contained in foods

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5
Q

what does a pharmacist do

A

prepares and dispenses drugs through a pharmacy on a written order from a doctor

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6
Q

what is a pharmD

A

a degree that stands for doctor of pharmacy

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7
Q

what does a pharmacy technician do

A

helps pharmacists provide medications to patients

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8
Q

what is pharmacology

A

the study of the discovery, properties, and uses of drugs

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9
Q

what is a pharmacologist

A

a MD or someone with a PhD who specialized in the study of medicines

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10
Q

what are the subdivisions of pharmacology

A

medicinal chemistry
pharmacodynamics
pharmacokinetics
molecular pharmacology
chemotherapy
toxicology

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11
Q

what is medical chemistry

A

the study of new drug synthesis and the relationship between chemical structure and biologic effects

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12
Q

what is pharmacodynamics

A

the study of a drugs effect on its target in the body

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13
Q

what is pharmacokinetics

A

study of a drugs absorption, distribution into body compartments, metabolism and excretion over a period of time

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14
Q

what is molecular pharmacology

A

the interaction of drugs and subcellular entities, such as DNA, RNA and enzymes

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15
Q

what is chemotherapy

A

the study of drugs that destroy infectious microorganisms

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16
Q

what is toxicology

A

the study of harmful effects of drugs and chemicals on the body

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17
Q

what are antidotes

A

substances that prevent or reverse the unwanted effects of drugs

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18
Q

explain what the chemical name of a drug means

A

the exact chemical makeup of the drug

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19
Q

explain what the generic name of a drug means

A

the shorter and less complicated name that identifies the drug legally and scientifically

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20
Q

what is unique about the generic name of a drug

A
  • it becomes public property after 17 years of use by the public manufacturer
  • there is only one generic name for each drug
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21
Q

explain what the brand name of a drug means

A

it’s a name that private property of the individual drug manufacturer and no competitor can use it
- usually has a subscript behind the name

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22
Q

what does the fda stand for and what do they do

A
  • stands for food and drug administration
  • they set standards and decide/approve what drugs can be sold/distributed
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23
Q

what does the USP stand for and what do they do

A
  • stands for united stated pharmacopie
  • they review drugs and reappraise their effectiveness in medical conditions
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24
Q

what is the hospital formulary

A
  • a reference found in a hospital/library of drugs
  • gives characteristics and their usage
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25
Q

what does the PDR stand for and what is it

A
  • stands for physicians desk reference
  • it’s a reference guide that is published by a private form that companied pay to have their products listed in
  • it lists the drugs properties, side effects and info about dosage and administration
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26
Q

what is oral administration

A

when drugs are given by mouth that dissolve in the fluid of the stomach or intenstinal tract

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27
Q

what is sublingual adminstration

A
  • when drugs are placed under the tongue to dissolve in the saliva
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28
Q

what is rectal administration

A

when suppositories are inserted into the rectum

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29
Q

what is parenteral administration

A

when drugs are administered from a syringe through a hollow needle placed under the skin into a muscle, vein or body cavity

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30
Q

what are the 6 different types of parenteral injections

A
  • intracavitary instillation
  • intradermal injection
  • subcutaneous (hypodermic) injection
  • intramuscular injection
  • intrathecal instillation
  • intravenous injection
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31
Q

what is a intracavitary instillation

A

an injection that is made into a body cavity such as the peritoneal or pleural cavity

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32
Q

what is a intradermal injection

A

an injection that is made into the upper layers of the skin

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33
Q

what is a subcutaneous (hypodermic) injection

A

a small hypodermic needle that goes into the subcutaneous tissue under the skin

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34
Q

what is a intramuscular injection

A

an injection that goes into a muscle such as into the buttock or uper arm

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35
Q

what is a intrathecal instillation

A

an injection that goes into the space under the membranes surrounding the spinal cord and brain

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36
Q

what is a intravenous injection

A

an injection that goes into a vein

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37
Q

what is inhalation of a drug

A

drugs that are administered through the nose of mouth and are absorbed through the thin wall of air saces in the lungs

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38
Q

what is topical application of a drug

A

when a drug is administered by applying it locally on the skin or mucous membranes

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39
Q

what are transdermal patches

A

used to deliver drugs continously through the skin

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40
Q

what is a receptor

A

what a drug interacts with that produces the effect

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41
Q

what is a dose

A

the amount of a drug administered, usually in mg or g

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42
Q

what is a schedule

A

the dose, timing and frequency of drug administration

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43
Q

what is an additive action

A

when the combo of 2 similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each

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44
Q

what does antagonistic mean

A

when 2 drugs give less then an additive action

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45
Q

what is synergism

A

when a combo of 2 drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effecs of each drug given alone

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46
Q

what is a response

A

the desired and beneficial effect of a drug

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47
Q

what does tolerence mean

A

when the effect of a given dose diminishes as treatment continues, and increasing amounts are needed to produce the same effect

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48
Q

what are controlled substances

A

drugs that produce dependance and have the potential for abuse or addiction

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49
Q

what is idiosyncrasy

A

a unpredictable type of drug toxicity

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50
Q

what are contraindications

A

factors in a patients condition that make the use of a particular drug dangeous and ill-advised

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51
Q

what is drug resistance

A

the loss of effectiveness of a drug

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52
Q

what is a analegesic and provide examples

A

a drug that lessens pain
- example is narcotics and opiods

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53
Q

what is an anesthetic

A

an agent that reduces or elimiates sensation

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54
Q

what are antibiotics

A

chemical agents produced by molds or bacteria that kill bacteria

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54
Q

what are antiseptics

A

drugs that fight infection

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55
Q

what are antipruritics

A

drugs that stop itching

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56
Q

what are antibacterial drugs

A

drugs that interfere with the growth and reproduction of bacteria

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57
Q

what are antitubercular drugs

A

drugs that treat tuberculosis

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58
Q

what are antifungals

A

drugs that treat fungal infections

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59
Q

what are antivirals

A

drugs that are used against infections due to viruses

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60
Q

what are antiprotozoans

A

drugs that act against infections caused by protozoans

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61
Q

what are anticoagulants

A

drugs that prevent coagulants

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62
Q

what is heperin

A

a natural anticoagulant that comes from pig intestine or cow lung

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63
Q

what are antiplatelet drugs

A

drugs that reduce thetendency or platelets to stick together and intiate clots

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64
Q

what are anticonvulsants

A

drugs that prevent/reduce the frequency of convulsions

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65
Q

what are antidepressants

A

drugs that treat symptoms of depression

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66
Q

what are anti-alzheimer drugs

A

drugs used to treat alzheimer disease

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67
Q

what are antidiabetics

A

drugs used to treat diabetes

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68
Q

what are antihistamines

A

drugs that block the action of histamine

69
Q

what are bisphosphonates

A

drugs that prevent bone loss

70
Q

what are selective estrogen receptor modulators

A

drugs that increase bone formation

71
Q

what are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

A

drugs that dilate blood vessels to lower blood pressure, improve the performance of the heart and reduce its workload

72
Q

what are angiotensin II receptor blockers

A

drugs that lower blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels

73
Q

what are antiarrhythmics

A

drugs that treat abnormal heart rhythms

74
Q

what are beta blockers

A

drugs that slow heart rate, decrease output of the heart and reduce blood pressure

75
Q

what are calcium channel blockers

A

drugs that dilare blood vessels and lower blood pressure and are used to treat arrhythmias

76
Q

what are cardiac glycosides

A

drugs that increase the force of contraction of the heart and are used to treat heart failure and atrial fibrillation

77
Q

what are cholesterol binding drugs

A

drugs that bind to dietary cholesterol and prevent its uptake from the gastrointestinal track

78
Q

what are cholesterol lowering drugs

A

drugs that block the formation of cholesterol in the liver

79
Q

what are diuretics

A

drugs that reduce the volume of blood in the body

80
Q

what are antiandrogens

A

drugs that interfere with the production of androgens or with their binding in tissues

81
Q

what are aromatase inhibitors

A

drugs that reduce the amount of estrogen in the blood

82
Q

what are selective estrogen receptor modulators

A

drugs that block estrogen stimulating effects on breast cancer tissue

83
Q

what are glucocorticoids

A

used for reduction of inflammation

84
Q

what are antacids

A

drugs that neutralize the hydrochloric acid in the stomach

85
Q

what are antiulcer drugs

A

drugs that block secretion of acid by cells

86
Q

what are antidiarrheal drugs

A

drugs that relieve duarrhea

87
Q

what are cathartics

A

drugs that relieve constipation

88
Q

what are antiemetics

A

drugs that relieve nausea and vomiting

89
Q

what are barbiturates and benzodiazepines

A

drugs that sedate

90
Q

what are stimulants

A

drugs that act on the brain to speed up vital processes

91
Q

what are tranquilizers

A

drugs that control anxiety

92
Q

aer/o

A

air

93
Q

alges/o

A

sensitivty to pain

94
Q

bronch/o

A

bronchial tube

95
Q

chem/o

A

drug or chemical

96
Q

cras/o

A

mixture

97
Q

cutane/o or derm/o

A

skin

98
Q

erg/o

A

work

99
Q

esthes/o

A

feeling, sensation

100
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

101
Q

hypn/o

A

sleep

102
Q

iatr/o

A

treatment

103
Q

lingu/o

A

tongue

104
Q

myc/o

A

mold, fungu

105
Q

narc/o

A

stupor

106
Q

or/o

A

mouth

107
Q

pharmac/o

A

drug

108
Q

prurit/o

A

itching

109
Q

pyret/o

A

fever

110
Q

thec/o

A

sheath

111
Q

tox/o or toxic/o

A

poison

112
Q

vas/o

A

vessel

113
Q

ven/o

A

vein

114
Q

vit/o

A

life

115
Q

ana

A

upward, excessive, again

116
Q

anti

A

against

117
Q

contra

A

against, opposite

118
Q

par

A

other than, apart from

119
Q

syn

A

together, with

120
Q

what does a.c. or ac stand for

A

before meals

121
Q

what does ACE stand for

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme

122
Q

what does ab lib mean

A

freely, as desired

123
Q

what does APAP mean

A

acetaminophen (tylenol)

124
Q

what does ARB mean

A

angiotensin II receptor blocker

125
Q

what does b.i.d. or bid mean

A

two times a day

126
Q

what does c mean

A

with

127
Q

what does caps mean

A

capsules

128
Q

what does cc mean

A

cubic centimeter

129
Q

what does DOAC mean

A

direct oral anticoagulant

130
Q

what does FDA mean

A

food and drug administration

131
Q

what does gm or g mean

A

gram

132
Q

what goes gtt mean

A

drops

133
Q

what does h mean

A

hour

134
Q

what does h.s. or hs mean

A

at bedtime

135
Q

what does H2 blocker mean

A

histamine H2 receptor antagonist

136
Q

what does HRT mean

A

hormone replacement therapy

137
Q

what does IM mean

A

intramuscular

138
Q

what does INH mean

A

isoniazid - antituberculosis agent

139
Q

what does IT mean

A

intrathecal

140
Q

what does IV mean

A

intravenous

141
Q

what does MAOI mean

A

monoamine oxidase inhibitor

142
Q

what does mg mean

A

milligram

143
Q

what does ml mean

A

millimeter

144
Q

what does NPO mean

A

nothing by mouth

145
Q

what does NSAID mean

A

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

146
Q

what does p mean

A

after

147
Q

what does p.c or pc mean

A

after meals

148
Q

what does PCA mean

A

patient-controlled analgesia

149
Q

what does PDR mean

A

physicians desk reference

150
Q

what does PICC mean

A

peripherally inserted central catheter

151
Q

what does PO mean

A

by mouth

152
Q

what does p.r.n. or prn mwan

A

as needed

153
Q

what does pt mean

A

patient

154
Q

what does q mean

A

every

155
Q

what does qh mean

A

every hour

156
Q

what does q2h mean

A

every 2 hours

157
Q

what does qid mean

A

4 times a day

158
Q

what does qs mean

A

sufficient quanitity

159
Q

what does qAM mean

A

every morning

160
Q

what does qPM mean

A

every evening

161
Q

what does Rx mean

A

prescription

162
Q

what does s mean

A

without

163
Q

what does SERM mean

A

selective estrogen receptor modulator

164
Q

what does sig mean

A

directions

165
Q

what does SL mean

A

sublingual

166
Q

what does sos mean

A

if it is necessary

167
Q

what does SSRI mean

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

168
Q

what does subQ mwan

A

subcutaneous

169
Q

what does tab mean

A

tablet

170
Q

what does TCA mean

A

tricyclic antidepressant

171
Q

what does tid mean

A

three times a day

Medical Terminology (10 decks)

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