Unit 1 - Chapter 21 - Pharmacology Flashcards
what are drugs
substances that are used to prevent or treat a disease or condition
what are 3 ways that drugs are obtained from
- plants
- molds
- animals
what happens to most drugs
they are synthesized (made) for commercial purposes in a lab
what are vitamins
drugs that occur naturally in plant/animal sources and are contained in foods
what does a pharmacist do
prepares and dispenses drugs through a pharmacy on a written order from a doctor
what is a pharmD
a degree that stands for doctor of pharmacy
what does a pharmacy technician do
helps pharmacists provide medications to patients
what is pharmacology
the study of the discovery, properties, and uses of drugs
what is a pharmacologist
a MD or someone with a PhD who specialized in the study of medicines
what are the subdivisions of pharmacology
medicinal chemistry
pharmacodynamics
pharmacokinetics
molecular pharmacology
chemotherapy
toxicology
what is medical chemistry
the study of new drug synthesis and the relationship between chemical structure and biologic effects
what is pharmacodynamics
the study of a drugs effect on its target in the body
what is pharmacokinetics
study of a drugs absorption, distribution into body compartments, metabolism and excretion over a period of time
what is molecular pharmacology
the interaction of drugs and subcellular entities, such as DNA, RNA and enzymes
what is chemotherapy
the study of drugs that destroy infectious microorganisms
what is toxicology
the study of harmful effects of drugs and chemicals on the body
what are antidotes
substances that prevent or reverse the unwanted effects of drugs
explain what the chemical name of a drug means
the exact chemical makeup of the drug
explain what the generic name of a drug means
the shorter and less complicated name that identifies the drug legally and scientifically
what is unique about the generic name of a drug
- it becomes public property after 17 years of use by the public manufacturer
- there is only one generic name for each drug
explain what the brand name of a drug means
it’s a name that private property of the individual drug manufacturer and no competitor can use it
- usually has a subscript behind the name
what does the fda stand for and what do they do
- stands for food and drug administration
- they set standards and decide/approve what drugs can be sold/distributed
what does the USP stand for and what do they do
- stands for united stated pharmacopie
- they review drugs and reappraise their effectiveness in medical conditions
what is the hospital formulary
- a reference found in a hospital/library of drugs
- gives characteristics and their usage
what does the PDR stand for and what is it
- stands for physicians desk reference
- it’s a reference guide that is published by a private form that companied pay to have their products listed in
- it lists the drugs properties, side effects and info about dosage and administration
what is oral administration
when drugs are given by mouth that dissolve in the fluid of the stomach or intenstinal tract
what is sublingual adminstration
- when drugs are placed under the tongue to dissolve in the saliva
what is rectal administration
when suppositories are inserted into the rectum
what is parenteral administration
when drugs are administered from a syringe through a hollow needle placed under the skin into a muscle, vein or body cavity
what are the 6 different types of parenteral injections
- intracavitary instillation
- intradermal injection
- subcutaneous (hypodermic) injection
- intramuscular injection
- intrathecal instillation
- intravenous injection
what is a intracavitary instillation
an injection that is made into a body cavity such as the peritoneal or pleural cavity
what is a intradermal injection
an injection that is made into the upper layers of the skin
what is a subcutaneous (hypodermic) injection
a small hypodermic needle that goes into the subcutaneous tissue under the skin
what is a intramuscular injection
an injection that goes into a muscle such as into the buttock or uper arm
what is a intrathecal instillation
an injection that goes into the space under the membranes surrounding the spinal cord and brain
what is a intravenous injection
an injection that goes into a vein
what is inhalation of a drug
drugs that are administered through the nose of mouth and are absorbed through the thin wall of air saces in the lungs
what is topical application of a drug
when a drug is administered by applying it locally on the skin or mucous membranes
what are transdermal patches
used to deliver drugs continously through the skin
what is a receptor
what a drug interacts with that produces the effect
what is a dose
the amount of a drug administered, usually in mg or g
what is a schedule
the dose, timing and frequency of drug administration
what is an additive action
when the combo of 2 similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each
what does antagonistic mean
when 2 drugs give less then an additive action
what is synergism
when a combo of 2 drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effecs of each drug given alone
what is a response
the desired and beneficial effect of a drug
what does tolerence mean
when the effect of a given dose diminishes as treatment continues, and increasing amounts are needed to produce the same effect
what are controlled substances
drugs that produce dependance and have the potential for abuse or addiction
what is idiosyncrasy
a unpredictable type of drug toxicity
what are contraindications
factors in a patients condition that make the use of a particular drug dangeous and ill-advised
what is drug resistance
the loss of effectiveness of a drug
what is a analegesic and provide examples
a drug that lessens pain
- example is narcotics and opiods
what is an anesthetic
an agent that reduces or elimiates sensation
what are antibiotics
chemical agents produced by molds or bacteria that kill bacteria
what are antiseptics
drugs that fight infection
what are antipruritics
drugs that stop itching
what are antibacterial drugs
drugs that interfere with the growth and reproduction of bacteria
what are antitubercular drugs
drugs that treat tuberculosis
what are antifungals
drugs that treat fungal infections
what are antivirals
drugs that are used against infections due to viruses
what are antiprotozoans
drugs that act against infections caused by protozoans
what are anticoagulants
drugs that prevent coagulants
what is heperin
a natural anticoagulant that comes from pig intestine or cow lung
what are antiplatelet drugs
drugs that reduce thetendency or platelets to stick together and intiate clots
what are anticonvulsants
drugs that prevent/reduce the frequency of convulsions
what are antidepressants
drugs that treat symptoms of depression
what are anti-alzheimer drugs
drugs used to treat alzheimer disease
what are antidiabetics
drugs used to treat diabetes
what are antihistamines
drugs that block the action of histamine
what are bisphosphonates
drugs that prevent bone loss
what are selective estrogen receptor modulators
drugs that increase bone formation
what are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
drugs that dilate blood vessels to lower blood pressure, improve the performance of the heart and reduce its workload
what are angiotensin II receptor blockers
drugs that lower blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels
what are antiarrhythmics
drugs that treat abnormal heart rhythms
what are beta blockers
drugs that slow heart rate, decrease output of the heart and reduce blood pressure
what are calcium channel blockers
drugs that dilare blood vessels and lower blood pressure and are used to treat arrhythmias
what are cardiac glycosides
drugs that increase the force of contraction of the heart and are used to treat heart failure and atrial fibrillation
what are cholesterol binding drugs
drugs that bind to dietary cholesterol and prevent its uptake from the gastrointestinal track
what are cholesterol lowering drugs
drugs that block the formation of cholesterol in the liver
what are diuretics
drugs that reduce the volume of blood in the body
what are antiandrogens
drugs that interfere with the production of androgens or with their binding in tissues
what are aromatase inhibitors
drugs that reduce the amount of estrogen in the blood
what are selective estrogen receptor modulators
drugs that block estrogen stimulating effects on breast cancer tissue
what are glucocorticoids
used for reduction of inflammation
what are antacids
drugs that neutralize the hydrochloric acid in the stomach
what are antiulcer drugs
drugs that block secretion of acid by cells
what are antidiarrheal drugs
drugs that relieve duarrhea
what are cathartics
drugs that relieve constipation
what are antiemetics
drugs that relieve nausea and vomiting
what are barbiturates and benzodiazepines
drugs that sedate
what are stimulants
drugs that act on the brain to speed up vital processes
what are tranquilizers
drugs that control anxiety
aer/o
air
alges/o
sensitivty to pain
bronch/o
bronchial tube
chem/o
drug or chemical
cras/o
mixture
cutane/o or derm/o
skin
erg/o
work
esthes/o
feeling, sensation
hist/o
tissue
hypn/o
sleep
iatr/o
treatment
lingu/o
tongue
myc/o
mold, fungu
narc/o
stupor
or/o
mouth
pharmac/o
drug
prurit/o
itching
pyret/o
fever
thec/o
sheath
tox/o or toxic/o
poison
vas/o
vessel
ven/o
vein
vit/o
life
ana
upward, excessive, again
anti
against
contra
against, opposite
par
other than, apart from
syn
together, with
what does a.c. or ac stand for
before meals
what does ACE stand for
angiotensin-converting enzyme
what does ab lib mean
freely, as desired
what does APAP mean
acetaminophen (tylenol)
what does ARB mean
angiotensin II receptor blocker
what does b.i.d. or bid mean
two times a day
what does c mean
with
what does caps mean
capsules
what does cc mean
cubic centimeter
what does DOAC mean
direct oral anticoagulant
what does FDA mean
food and drug administration
what does gm or g mean
gram
what goes gtt mean
drops
what does h mean
hour
what does h.s. or hs mean
at bedtime
what does H2 blocker mean
histamine H2 receptor antagonist
what does HRT mean
hormone replacement therapy
what does IM mean
intramuscular
what does INH mean
isoniazid - antituberculosis agent
what does IT mean
intrathecal
what does IV mean
intravenous
what does MAOI mean
monoamine oxidase inhibitor
what does mg mean
milligram
what does ml mean
millimeter
what does NPO mean
nothing by mouth
what does NSAID mean
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
what does p mean
after
what does p.c or pc mean
after meals
what does PCA mean
patient-controlled analgesia
what does PDR mean
physicians desk reference
what does PICC mean
peripherally inserted central catheter
what does PO mean
by mouth
what does p.r.n. or prn mwan
as needed
what does pt mean
patient
what does q mean
every
what does qh mean
every hour
what does q2h mean
every 2 hours
what does qid mean
4 times a day
what does qs mean
sufficient quanitity
what does qAM mean
every morning
what does qPM mean
every evening
what does Rx mean
prescription
what does s mean
without
what does SERM mean
selective estrogen receptor modulator
what does sig mean
directions
what does SL mean
sublingual
what does sos mean
if it is necessary
what does SSRI mean
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
what does subQ mwan
subcutaneous
what does tab mean
tablet
what does TCA mean
tricyclic antidepressant
what does tid mean
three times a day
