Unit 1 - Chapter 20 - Radiology + Nuclear Medicine Flashcards
what is radiology
the medical specialty concerning the study and application of x-rays and other technologies to produce and interpret images of the human body for the diagnosis of disease
what are x-rays
invisible waves of energy that are produced by an energy source to help in diagnosis and treatment of disease
what is nuclear medicine
the medical specialty that uses radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease
what are radionuclides
radioactive substances that emit high speed particles and energy containing rays from the interior of their matter
what are the names of the 3 types of particles/rays that radionuclides emit
- alpha particles
- beta particles
- gamma rays
what are gamma rays
used effectively as a diagnostic label to trace the path and uptake of chemical substances in the body
what is a radiologist
a physician who specializes in the practice of diagnostic radiology
what is a nuclear medicine physician
a physician that specilaizes in diagnostic radionuclide scanning procedures
what are radiologic technologists
radiographers, nuclear medicine technologists, sonographers
what are the 6 characteristics of x-rays
- ability to cause exposure of a photographic plate
- ability to penetrate different substances to varying degrees
- invisibility
- travel in straight lines
- scattering of x-rays
- ionization
what do radiopaque substances (bone)do
absorb most of the x-rays they are exposed to, allowing only a few to reach the x-ray plate
what do radiolucent substance do
permits passage of most of the x-rays
what is digital radiography
a form of x-ray imaging in which digital x-ray detectors are used instead of traditional photgraphic film
what is mammography
low dose x-rays to visualize breast tissue
what is ct scan (computerized tomography)
beaming x-rays at multiple angles through a section of the patients body
what does an upper gi series involve
oral ingestion of barium sulfate )radiopaque substance) so that the esophagus, stomach and duodenum can be visualized
what does a small bowel follow through involve
traces the passage of barium sulfate (radiopaque substance) in a sequential manner as it moves through the small intestine
what is a double contrast study
one that uses both a radiopaque and radiolucent contrast medium
what is an angiography
x-ray image of blood vessels and heart chambers is obtained after contrast is injected through a catheter into the appropriate heart vessel or heart chamber
what is a cholangiography
x-ray imaging after injection of contrast into bile ducts
what is a digital subtraction angiography
x-ray image of contrast-injected blood vessels is produced by taking two x-ray pictures and using a computer to subtract obscurring shadows from the second image
what is a hysterosalpingography
x-ray record of the endometrial cavity and fallopian tubes is obtained after injection of contrast material through the vagina and into the endocervical canal
what is a myelography
x-ray imaging of the spinal cord after injection of contrast agent into the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord
what is a pyelography
x-ray imaging of the renal pelvis and urinary tract
what are digital imaging techniques used for
to enhance conventional and fluroscopic x-ray techniquesw
what is fluroscopy
the use of x-rays and a fluroescent screen to produce real time video images
what is radiofrequency ablation
destruction of tumors and tissues
what is ultrasonography
uses high frequency inaudible sound waves that bounce off body tissues
what is the instrument used in ultrasonography
transducer or probe
what is it called - ultrasound of the heart
echocardiography
what techniques are used to record blood flow velocity (speed)
doppler ultrasound or color flow imaging
what is endoscopic ultrasonography
when a small transducer is attached to the tip of an endoscope that is inserted into the body
what does an mri use
magnetic fields and radiowaves
what does a functional x-ray measure
brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow
what is the common contrast agent used in mri’s
gadolinium
what are the 4 x-ray positions
- posteroanterior
- anteroposterior
- lateral
- oblique
describe the posteroanterior x-ray position
towards the back ribs
describe the anteroposterior x-ray position
towards the boobs
describe the laterial x-ray position
towards the side of the body
describe the oblique x-ray position
toward the spine (slip of gown) of back
what does abduction mean
movement away from the midline of the body
what does adduction mean
movement toward the midline of the body
what does decubitus mean
lying down
what does eversion mean
turning outward
what does extension mean
lengthening or straightening a flexed limb
what does flexion mean
bending a part of the body
what does inversion mean
turning inward
what does prone mean
lying on the belly (face down)
what does recumbent mean
(lying down - may be prone –face down—or supine—face up)
what does supine mean
lying on the back - face up
what is radioactivity
spontaneous emission of energy in the form of particles or rays coming from the interior of a substance
what is a radionuclide/radioisotope
substance that gives off high energy particles or rays as it disintegrates
what does half life mean
the time required for a radioactive substance to lose half of its radioactivity by disintegration
what are the 3 types of radioactivity that radionuclides emit
- alpha particles
- beta particles
- gamma rays
what does in vitro mean in terms of nuclear medicine tests
tests done in the test tub e
what does in vivo mean in terms of nuclear medicine tests
tests done in the body
whats a gamma camera and what does it do
a sensitive external detection instrument that is used to determine the distribution and localization of the radiopharmaceutical in various organs, tissues and fluids
what are other diagnostic procedures that use radionuclides
- bone scan
- lymphoscintigraphy
- positron emission tomography
- pet ct scan
- mri scans
- single photon emission computed photography
- technetium tc99m sestamibi scan
- thallium scan
- thyroid scan
is/o
same
pharmaceut/o
drug
radi/o
x-rays
son/o
sound
therapeut/o
treatment
vitr/o
glass
viv/o
life
gram
record
graphy
process of recording
lucent
to shine
opaque
obscure
echo
a repeated sound
ultra
beyond
