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Medical Terminology > Unit 1 - Chapter 20 - Radiology + Nuclear Medicine > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Chapter 20 - Radiology + Nuclear Medicine Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what is radiology

A

the medical specialty concerning the study and application of x-rays and other technologies to produce and interpret images of the human body for the diagnosis of disease

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2
Q

what are x-rays

A

invisible waves of energy that are produced by an energy source to help in diagnosis and treatment of disease

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3
Q

what is nuclear medicine

A

the medical specialty that uses radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease

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4
Q

what are radionuclides

A

radioactive substances that emit high speed particles and energy containing rays from the interior of their matter

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5
Q

what are the names of the 3 types of particles/rays that radionuclides emit

A
  • alpha particles
  • beta particles
  • gamma rays
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6
Q

what are gamma rays

A

used effectively as a diagnostic label to trace the path and uptake of chemical substances in the body

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7
Q

what is a radiologist

A

a physician who specializes in the practice of diagnostic radiology

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8
Q

what is a nuclear medicine physician

A

a physician that specilaizes in diagnostic radionuclide scanning procedures

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9
Q

what are radiologic technologists

A

radiographers, nuclear medicine technologists, sonographers

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10
Q

what are the 6 characteristics of x-rays

A
  • ability to cause exposure of a photographic plate
  • ability to penetrate different substances to varying degrees
  • invisibility
  • travel in straight lines
  • scattering of x-rays
  • ionization
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11
Q

what do radiopaque substances (bone)do

A

absorb most of the x-rays they are exposed to, allowing only a few to reach the x-ray plate

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12
Q

what do radiolucent substance do

A

permits passage of most of the x-rays

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13
Q

what is digital radiography

A

a form of x-ray imaging in which digital x-ray detectors are used instead of traditional photgraphic film

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14
Q

what is mammography

A

low dose x-rays to visualize breast tissue

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15
Q

what is ct scan (computerized tomography)

A

beaming x-rays at multiple angles through a section of the patients body

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16
Q

what does an upper gi series involve

A

oral ingestion of barium sulfate )radiopaque substance) so that the esophagus, stomach and duodenum can be visualized

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17
Q

what does a small bowel follow through involve

A

traces the passage of barium sulfate (radiopaque substance) in a sequential manner as it moves through the small intestine

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18
Q

what is a double contrast study

A

one that uses both a radiopaque and radiolucent contrast medium

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19
Q

what is an angiography

A

x-ray image of blood vessels and heart chambers is obtained after contrast is injected through a catheter into the appropriate heart vessel or heart chamber

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20
Q

what is a cholangiography

A

x-ray imaging after injection of contrast into bile ducts

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21
Q

what is a digital subtraction angiography

A

x-ray image of contrast-injected blood vessels is produced by taking two x-ray pictures and using a computer to subtract obscurring shadows from the second image

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22
Q

what is a hysterosalpingography

A

x-ray record of the endometrial cavity and fallopian tubes is obtained after injection of contrast material through the vagina and into the endocervical canal

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23
Q

what is a myelography

A

x-ray imaging of the spinal cord after injection of contrast agent into the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord

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24
Q

what is a pyelography

A

x-ray imaging of the renal pelvis and urinary tract

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25
Q

what are digital imaging techniques used for

A

to enhance conventional and fluroscopic x-ray techniquesw

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26
Q

what is fluroscopy

A

the use of x-rays and a fluroescent screen to produce real time video images

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27
Q

what is radiofrequency ablation

A

destruction of tumors and tissues

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28
Q

what is ultrasonography

A

uses high frequency inaudible sound waves that bounce off body tissues

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29
Q

what is the instrument used in ultrasonography

A

transducer or probe

30
Q

what is it called - ultrasound of the heart

A

echocardiography

31
Q

what techniques are used to record blood flow velocity (speed)

A

doppler ultrasound or color flow imaging

32
Q

what is endoscopic ultrasonography

A

when a small transducer is attached to the tip of an endoscope that is inserted into the body

33
Q

what does an mri use

A

magnetic fields and radiowaves

34
Q

what does a functional x-ray measure

A

brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow

35
Q

what is the common contrast agent used in mri’s

A

gadolinium

36
Q

what are the 4 x-ray positions

A
  • posteroanterior
  • anteroposterior
  • lateral
  • oblique
37
Q

describe the posteroanterior x-ray position

A

towards the back ribs

38
Q

describe the anteroposterior x-ray position

A

towards the boobs

39
Q

describe the laterial x-ray position

A

towards the side of the body

40
Q

describe the oblique x-ray position

A

toward the spine (slip of gown) of back

41
Q

what does abduction mean

A

movement away from the midline of the body

42
Q

what does adduction mean

A

movement toward the midline of the body

43
Q

what does decubitus mean

A

lying down

44
Q

what does eversion mean

A

turning outward

45
Q

what does extension mean

A

lengthening or straightening a flexed limb

46
Q

what does flexion mean

A

bending a part of the body

47
Q

what does inversion mean

A

turning inward

48
Q

what does prone mean

A

lying on the belly (face down)

49
Q

what does recumbent mean

A

(lying down - may be prone –face down—or supine—face up)

50
Q

what does supine mean

A

lying on the back - face up

51
Q

what is radioactivity

A

spontaneous emission of energy in the form of particles or rays coming from the interior of a substance

52
Q

what is a radionuclide/radioisotope

A

substance that gives off high energy particles or rays as it disintegrates

53
Q

what does half life mean

A

the time required for a radioactive substance to lose half of its radioactivity by disintegration

54
Q

what are the 3 types of radioactivity that radionuclides emit

A
  • alpha particles
  • beta particles
  • gamma rays
55
Q

what does in vitro mean in terms of nuclear medicine tests

A

tests done in the test tub e

56
Q

what does in vivo mean in terms of nuclear medicine tests

A

tests done in the body

57
Q

whats a gamma camera and what does it do

A

a sensitive external detection instrument that is used to determine the distribution and localization of the radiopharmaceutical in various organs, tissues and fluids

58
Q

what are other diagnostic procedures that use radionuclides

A
  • bone scan
  • lymphoscintigraphy
  • positron emission tomography
  • pet ct scan
  • mri scans
  • single photon emission computed photography
  • technetium tc99m sestamibi scan
  • thallium scan
  • thyroid scan
59
Q

is/o

A

same

60
Q

pharmaceut/o

A

drug

61
Q

radi/o

A

x-rays

62
Q

son/o

A

sound

63
Q

therapeut/o

A

treatment

64
Q

vitr/o

A

glass

65
Q

viv/o

A

life

66
Q

gram

A

record

67
Q

graphy

A

process of recording

68
Q

lucent

A

to shine

69
Q

opaque

A

obscure

70
Q

echo

A

a repeated sound

71
Q

ultra

A

beyond

Medical Terminology (10 decks)

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