Unit 1 - Chapter 2 - Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole Flashcards
what does the cell membrane do and what does it determine?
- it is a structure that surrounds and protects the cell
- it determines what enters and leaves the cell
what is the nucleus in relation to a cell and what does it contain/direct?
- it is the control center of the cell
- it contains chromosomes
- it directs activities of the cell
what are chromosomes and how many do cells have?
- they are rod shaped structures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes
- there are 46 choromosomes (23 pairs) in each cell
- sex cells only have 23 individual chromosomes
what is dna, where is it found, what it it arranged like and what does it do?
- deoxyribonucleic acid
- chemical found within each chomosome
- arranged like a sequence in code
- directs activites of the cell
what are genes?
- regions of dna within cells
what is a karotype?
- picture (classification) of choromosomes in the nucleus
- chromosomes are arranges in numeric order to deterime there number and structure
what is cytoplasm?
- all the material that is outside the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane
what is the mitochondria, what is it reffered to as and what occurs there?
- rod shaped structure in the cytoplasm that provides the principle source of energy
- referred to as the “powerhouse” of the cell
- catabolism occurs here
what is catabolism?
- when complex nutrients are broken down to simplier substances and energy is released
what is the endoplasmic reticulum (er) and what occurs there?
- network of canals within the cytoplasm
- anabolism occurs here
what is anabolism?
- when large proteins are built from small proteins called amino acids
what are ribosomes and what do they do?
- small granules on the er
- the arrange amino acids on the er to make proteins
what is metabolism?
- total of the chemical process in a cell
- includes catabolism and anabolism
describe a muscle cell
- long and slender
- has fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing
describe a epithelial cell
- lining/skin cell
- square/flat to offer protection
describe a nerve cell
- long fibrous extensions that help in carrying out impulses
describe a fat cell
- cell that contains large emty spaces for fat storage
what is a histologist
- a scientist who studies tissues
where is epithelial tissue found and what is it responsible for?
- skin, lines organs and endocrine/exocrine glands
- responsible for the secretions that glands produce
what are the 2 catagories of muscle tissue and where are they found?
- voluntary and involuntary
- voluntary muscle if found in arms and legs
- involuntary muscle is found in the heart and digestive system
where is nervous tissue found and what is it responsible for?
- found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves
- responsible for conducting electrical impulses
what does connective tissue contain?
- adipose (fat) tissue
- cartilage (connective tissue found attached to bones at joints)
what does viscera refer to
the internal organs
describe the organizational structure of the human body
- cells
- then tissues (group of similar cells)
- then organs (group of similar tissues)
- then systems (group of different organs)w
what are the different cavities of the body?
- cranial, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic and spinal
what is found in the cranial cavity
- brain and pituitary gland
what are the 2 smaller cavities that the thoracic cavity is divided into
pleural cavity and mediastinum
what is the pleural cavity
the space surround each lung
what happens when the pleura is inflammed
the cavity fills with fluis (pleural effusion)
what is the mediastinum
the space outside/between each lung
what organs are in the thoracic cavity
- lungs, heart, esophagus. trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta
what divides the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity
the diaphragm
what organs are in the abdominal cavity
peritonium, kidneys, stomach, both intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, gall bladder
what is the peritonium
the double folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity (acts a protective organ)
what organs are in the pelvic cavity?
portions of both intestines, rectum, bladder, urthra, ureters, sex organs
what organs are in the spinal cavity?
nerves of the spinal cord
name the 9 regions of the abdominal region
upper row : right hypochondriac, eppigastric, left hypochondriac
middle row: right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar
bottom row: right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal
name the divisions of the spinal column from top to bottom
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sarcal
coccygeal
name the 4 quadrants of the abdominal region
right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)
what is the spinal column vs. the spinal cord made of
- spinal column is made of bone tissue
- spinal cord is made of nervous tissue
if you’re not in an anatomica position, what 2 positions can you be in?
- supine (lying on back)
- prone (lying on stomach)
name the 12 anatomial postions
superior / inferior
anterior / posterior
ventral / dorsal
medial / lateral
proximal / distal
superficial / deep
what is superior/inferior
superior - toward the head
inferior - toward the feet
what is anterior/posterior
anterior - front/in front of
posterior- back/in back of
what is ventral/dorsal
ventral - toward the belly
dorsal - toward the backw
what is medial/lateral
medial - towards the midline of the body
lateral - towards the side of the body
what is proximal/distal
proximal - towards/nearest the trunk of the body
distal - furthst from the trunk of the body
what is superficial/deep
superficial - nearer the surface
deep - further from the surface
