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Biology Yr 10-11 > Unit 14 > Flashcards

Unit 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

what to electrical impulses travel along

A

neurones

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2
Q

what is a bundle of neurones called

A

nerves

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3
Q

what does hte central nervous system consist of

A

the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system consist of

A

the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

what is the role of the nervous system in the body

A

coordination and regulation of body functions
the ability to respond to our surroundings

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6
Q

what is the purpose of sensory neurones

A

they carry impulses from sense organs to the CNS

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7
Q

structure of sensory neurones

A

long and have a cell body in the middle of the axon

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8
Q

purpose of relay neurones

A

they are found inside the CNS and connect sensory and motor neurones

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9
Q

structure of relay neurones

A

they are short and have a small cell body with many dendrites branching off

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10
Q

purpose of motor neurones

A

they carry impulses from the CNS to the effectors

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11
Q

structure of motor neurones

A

they are long and have a large cell body with long dendrites

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12
Q

what are effectors

A

muscles or glands that produce a response

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13
Q

describe a reflex arc

A

receptor sends a signal through a sensory neurone where it goes through a relay neurone and is passed on to a motor neurone. the impulse produces a response through the effector

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14
Q

what is a reflex action

A

it is a means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors

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15
Q

advantages of reflex actions

A

they are quicker than any other type of response and help minimise damage to the body

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16
Q

what is a synapse

A

a junction where two neurones meet

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17
Q

what are the parts of a synapse

A

vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules
the synaptic gap
receptor proteins

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18
Q

describe the events at a synapse

A

an impulse stimulates the release of the neurotransmitter molecules from vesicles into the synaptic gap
the neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the gap
neurotransmitter molecules bind with the receptor proteins on the next neurone
an impulse is stimulated in the next neurone

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19
Q

what is the purpose of synapses

A

to ensure that impulses travel in one direction only

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20
Q

what are sense organs

A

groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli( such as light,sound,touch,temperature,chemicals)

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21
Q

what does the cornea do

A

refract light

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22
Q

what does the iris do

A

control how much light enters the pupil

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23
Q

what does the lens do

A

focuses light onto the retina

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24
Q

what does the retina do

A

contains light receptors ( rod and cone cells)

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25
Q

what does the optic nerve do

A

carry impulses to the brain

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26
Q

what is the blind spot and why is it created

A

it is where nothing can be seen because there are no rod or cone cells. it i found where the optic nerve joins the retina

27
Q

what happens to the pupils in dim light

A

pupils dilate to allow as much light in as possible

28
Q

what happens to the pupils in bright light

A

they constrict to allow less light in to protect the retina

29
Q

how do the pupils dilate

A

radial muscles contract and circular muscles relax

30
Q

how do the pupils constrict

A

radial muscles relax and circular muscles contract

31
Q

what is accomodation

A

the eye focusing on near or far objects

32
Q

what happens when objects are close

A

ciliary muscles contract
suspensory ligaments loosen
lens becomes fatter
light is refracted more

33
Q

what happens when objects are far from the eye

A

ciliary muscles relax
suspensory ligaments tighten
lens becomes thinner
light is refracted less

34
Q

where are cone cells found

A

in the fovea, near the centre of the eye

35
Q

what do rod cells do

A

they are sensitive to dim light

36
Q

what do cone cells do

A

they see color

37
Q

how many different types of cone cells are there

A

3, they absorb light for different colors

38
Q

what is a hormone

A

a chemicla substance produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alter the activity of one or more specific target organs

39
Q

what do the adrenal glands produce

A

adrenaline

40
Q

where are the adrenal glands found

A

next to the kidneys

41
Q

what do the pancreas secrete

A

insulin

42
Q

what do the testes secrete

A

testosterone

43
Q

what do the ovaries secrete

A

oestrogen

44
Q

when is adrenaline secreted

A

its secreted in ‘fight or flight’ situations

45
Q

what is the affect of adrenaline

A

increased breathing rate
increased heart rate
increased pupil diameter
increased blood glucose concentration
diverts blood supply away from unneeded areas

46
Q

what are the differences between nervous and hormonal control

A

nervous control is very fast and duration of effect is short
hormonal control is slower and length of effect is longer

47
Q

where is glucagon secreted from

A

the pancreas

48
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a constant internal environment

49
Q

what does insulin do

A

decrease the blood glucose concentration

50
Q

what is negative feedback

A

when conditions change from an ideal or set point and these conditions need to be returned to the set point

51
Q

how does insulin achieve its purpose

A

it converts extra glucose into glycogen in the liver

52
Q

what does glucagon do and when is it released?

A

it increases blood glucose concentration by converting the glycogen back into glucose. happens when blood glucose concentration is low

53
Q

what is the treatment of diabetes

A

insulin injections to decrease blood glucose concentration because the body is unable to produce enough insulin on its own

54
Q

how does the body insulate itself to maintain a constant body temperature

A

fatty tissue under the skin acts as a layer of insulation to prevent too much body heat being lost

55
Q

why do we sweat

A

when its too hot, sweat is secreted by sweat glands to cool the skin.
hairs lie flat against the skin allowing air to frelly circulate and increase heat transfer

56
Q

why do we shiver

A

when its cold, skeletal muscles contracts and we shiver which leads to energy being released as heat
erect hairs trap a layer of air around the skin preventing heat loss

57
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

when its cold ,skin capillaries get narrower to reduce heat loss

58
Q

what is vasodilation

A

when its hot, skin capillaries get wider to increase heat loss

59
Q

what is gravitropism

A

a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity

60
Q

what is phototropism

A

a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction of the light source

61
Q

what are the tropic responses of the shoots of a plant

A

shoots have a positive phototropic response and a negative gravitropic response

62
Q

what are the tropic response of the roots of a plant

A

they have a negative phototropic response and positive gravitropic response

63
Q

what does auxin do

A

hormone that causes cell elongation wherever its concentrated

64
Q

how does auxin work

A

its made in the shoot tip
diffuses through the plant from the shoot tip
it is unequally distributed in response to light and gravity
auxin stimulates cell elongation

Biology Yr 10-11 (20 decks)

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