unit 11 quizlet review social psych

Question 1

the tendency to explain one’s own actions or the actions of others according to either internal or external attributes to explain why events of actions occur

Answer 1

attribution

Question 2

the tendency to help others who are in need without expecting anything in return

Answer 2

alturism

Question 3

a phenomenon in which people are less likely to help others in need when others are present because they believe that someone else will take action

Answer 3

bystander effect

Question 4

a compliance technique which uses evidence and logic to convince others

Answer 4

central route to persuasion

Question 5

a term which refers to those living in cultures where the needs and goals of the group are considered above those of the individual

Answer 5

collectivism

Question 6

the tension or guilt that occurs when one’s actions and beliefs do not match

Answer 6

cognitive dissonance

Question 7

a type of love characterized by feelings of intimacy created when people share their inner most thoughts and feelings with one another and are committed to a long-term investment in the relationship

Answer 7

compannionate love

Question 8

the tendency to go along with the actions or ideas of others in an effort to “fit in”

Answer 8

conformity

Question 9

occurs when individuals do not take action in an emergency, often because they are in a large group and assume someone else will act

Answer 9

diffusion of responsibility

Question 10

the behavioral component of prejudice which involves treating individuals differently because of their membership in group about which one has predetermined expectations

Answer 10

discrimination

Question 11

involves the process in which individuals explain the behavior of themselves or others as being the result of personal characteristics rather than situational events

Answer 11

dispositional attribution (internal attribution)

Question 12

a method of persuasion in which an individual first makes a large request that is likely to be denied and then makes a more reasonable request which is more likely to be granted. this occurs because the smaller request seems more reasonable after the presentation of the larger request

Answer 12

door-in-the-face technique

Question 13

the belief that one’s own cultural, religious, or ethnic group is superior to others

Answer 13

ethnocentrism

Question 14

a phenomenon that involves the tendency for people to overestimate how many others agree with them in terms of their opinions, values, and behaviors

Answer 14

flase concensus effect

Question 15

this occurs when one overestimates another individual’s personal characteristics and underestimates the situational factors that may contribute to their (generally negative) behavior

Answer 15

fundamental attribution error

Question 16

a method of persuasion in which an individual first makes a small request to which they gain agreement and then makes a larger request to which the receiver is more likely to comply because they have already agreed to the initial request

Answer 16

foot-in-the-door technique

Question 17

the belief that individuals with one positive characteristic have other positive characteristics even if there is no evidence to support this belief

Answer 17

halo effect

Question 18

a term in which refers to those living in cultures which emphasizes the person before the group by focusing on independence and personal interests

Answer 18

individualism

Question 19

occurs when after discussion, members of a group move to a more extreme position that was held prior to discussion

Answer 19

group polarization

Question 20

the tendency to judge the behavior of those who share similar characteristics more favorably than those who are judged to be different

Answer 20

in-group bias

Question 21

the belief that the world is fair and people deserve what they get

Answer 21

just world phenomena

Question 22

the tendency to go along with a request which often comes from a figure of authority

Answer 22

compliance

Question 23

individuals generally like a stimulus more and more after repeated exposures

Answer 23

mere exposure effect

Question 24

holding negative feelings, opinions or beliefs which are associated with a stereotype of a specific category of individuals

Answer 24

prejudice

Question 25

a method of persuasion that is based on superficial factors such as appearance or bright colors to persuade others

Answer 25

peripheral route to persuasion

Question 26

a group considered different from one's own who often become the "scapegoat" when things go wrong

Answer 26

out-group

Question 27

adherence to a direct request from a person in a position of authority

Answer 27

obedience

Question 28

a method of persuasion in which one provides a small token or gift in the hopes that the other will return the favor with agreement to a request

Answer 28

reciprocity norm

Question 29

a general guideline for expected behavior that may or may not be explicitly stated

Answer 29

norm

Question 30

the theory that individuals are more likely to form romantic relationships with others who have a similar level of attractiveness as themselves

Answer 30

matching hypothesis

Question 31

the tendency of individuals to conform to the behavior of a group because of their desire to fit in or be accepted by the group

Answer 31

normative social influence

Question 32

the tendency for individuals to believe that others notice their behaviors or mistakes more than they actually do

Answer 32

spotlight effect

Question 33

a reduction in performance when an individual is reminded they belong to a group which is known for low performance on a given task

Answer 33

stereotype threat

Question 34

members of an in-group who have pride in their membership of that group

Answer 34

social identity theory

Question 35

the tendency for groups to make poor decisions because members are afraid to speak up, they have a leader with strong opinions or they are under pressure to make a quick decision

Answer 35

groupthink

Question 36

the tendency for people to conform to the behaviors of others because they assume this is the correct way to respond in social situations

Answer 36

informational social influence

Question 37

when things do not turn out as expected one places blame on those who are different or in the out-group for the error

Answer 37

scapegoat theory

Question 38

the attempt to influence that attitudes or behaviors of others to align with one's own beliefs or attitudes

Answer 38

persuasion

Question 39

occurs when one's own or another expectations impacts the individual's behavior. people often live up or down to the expectations of others or themselves

Answer 39

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 40

guidelines or expectations for "appropriate" behavior in social situations

Answer 40

social norms

Question 41

any behavior that involves either verbal or physical intentions to cause harm to another person

Answer 41

aggression

Question 42

occurs more often in individualistic societies when people take personal credit for their successes and blame others or the situation for their failures

Answer 42

self-serving bias

Question 43

when people explain the behavior of themselves or others to by using situational factors such as the weather or luck

Answer 43

situational attribution (external)

Question 44

love that is characterized by a physical connection to others which is often found early in romantic relationships

Answer 44

passionate love

Question 45

the idea that persuasive messages lead to changes in attitude based on either using the central or peripheral route to persuasion

Answer 45

elaboration likelihood model

Question 46

the subfield of psychology focused on studying how people influence others thoughts, feelings and actions

Answer 46

social psychology

Question 47

cognitive schemas held about people based in their membership to particular groups

Answer 47

stereotype

Question 48

the tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone because they expect others will step in and do the work

Answer 48

social loafing

Question 49

the tendency to decrease performance on tasks that are difficult or not well practiced when others are present

Answer 49

social interference (inhibition)

Question 50

the tendency for performance to improve on easy or well-practiced tasks when others are present

Answer 50

social facilitation

Question 51

a situation in which one must make a decision to do what is right themselves or what is right for the group when they do not know the decision the group will make

Answer 51

social dilemma

Question 52

the theory of love is robert sternberg's theory describing three components which combine to create various types of romantic relationships: passion, intimacy, and commitment

Answer 52

triangular theory of love

Question 53

guidelines regarding how a social situation should "play out" based on one's experience of similar situations in the past

Answer 53

scripts

Question 54

the tendency to view social behavior as being reciprocal while seeking to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Answer 54

social exchange theory

Question 55

a reduced state of individuality in group situations. when people become more anonymous, they may be prone to violence or other negative actions because they will not be personally identified

Answer 55

deindividuation

Question 56

goals that involve tasks in which all people involved must work together to find a solution. this is often used to reduce tension or prejudice between groups

Answer 56

superordinate goals

Question 57

the potential for participants in a study to display the caractertics they believe that the experimenter wants to see rather than their genuine responses

Answer 57

social desirability bias

Question 58

type of bias that occurs more frequently in collectivist cultures and involves the tendency to credit others for one's success while blaming one's self for failures

Answer 58

self-effacing bias

Question 59

the tendency for individuals to work harder in a group than when alone

Answer 59

social striving

Question 60

a method of persuasion which emphasizes getting someone to agree to a request and then revealing the hidden costs, or add ons which raise the price of the item to which the person has already agreed to purchase

Answer 60

low-ball technique

Question 61

actions that benefit others and generally involve helping behaviors

Answer 61

prosocial behaviors

Question 62

improvement in performance when one knows that the group to which they belong often performs well on the particular task in which they are involves

Answer 62

stereotype boost

Question 63

a type of social dilemma in which an individual must choose between what is best for themselves or what is best for the group

Answer 63

prisoner's dillemma

Question 64

a type of social dilemma in which an individual must decide if they will do what is best for themselves or the group when there is a limited supply of a common resource

Answer 64

commoner's dilemma

Question 65

when individuals are blocked from achieving goals, they have an increased likelihood of engaging in actions that are intended to hurt others

Answer 65

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Question 66

the tendency for individuals to explain their own negative behavior using situational (external) factors while explaining the same behavior in others as a result of internal (personal) factors

Answer 66

actor-observer effect

Question 67

Intentionally setting up one's self for failure in order to be able to make an external attribution for the failure when it occurs and preserve one's self-esteem.

Answer 67

Self-handicapping

Question 68

assimilation

Answer 68

forces objects to fit his existing schemas rather than adapting his schemas to fit the new information.