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ap psych > unit 11 quizlet review social psych > Flashcards

unit 11 quizlet review social psych Flashcards

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1
Q

the tendency to explain one’s own actions or the actions of others according to either internal or external attributes to explain why events of actions occur

A

attribution

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2
Q

the tendency to help others who are in need without expecting anything in return

A

alturism

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3
Q

a phenomenon in which people are less likely to help others in need when others are present because they believe that someone else will take action

A

bystander effect

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4
Q

a compliance technique which uses evidence and logic to convince others

A

central route to persuasion

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5
Q

a term which refers to those living in cultures where the needs and goals of the group are considered above those of the individual

A

collectivism

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6
Q

the tension or guilt that occurs when one’s actions and beliefs do not match

A

cognitive dissonance

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7
Q

a type of love characterized by feelings of intimacy created when people share their inner most thoughts and feelings with one another and are committed to a long-term investment in the relationship

A

compannionate love

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8
Q

the tendency to go along with the actions or ideas of others in an effort to “fit in”

A

conformity

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9
Q

occurs when individuals do not take action in an emergency, often because they are in a large group and assume someone else will act

A

diffusion of responsibility

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10
Q

the behavioral component of prejudice which involves treating individuals differently because of their membership in group about which one has predetermined expectations

A

discrimination

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11
Q

involves the process in which individuals explain the behavior of themselves or others as being the result of personal characteristics rather than situational events

A

dispositional attribution (internal attribution)

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12
Q

a method of persuasion in which an individual first makes a large request that is likely to be denied and then makes a more reasonable request which is more likely to be granted. this occurs because the smaller request seems more reasonable after the presentation of the larger request

A

door-in-the-face technique

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13
Q

the belief that one’s own cultural, religious, or ethnic group is superior to others

A

ethnocentrism

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14
Q

a phenomenon that involves the tendency for people to overestimate how many others agree with them in terms of their opinions, values, and behaviors

A

flase concensus effect

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15
Q

this occurs when one overestimates another individual’s personal characteristics and underestimates the situational factors that may contribute to their (generally negative) behavior

A

fundamental attribution error

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16
Q

a method of persuasion in which an individual first makes a small request to which they gain agreement and then makes a larger request to which the receiver is more likely to comply because they have already agreed to the initial request

A

foot-in-the-door technique

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17
Q

the belief that individuals with one positive characteristic have other positive characteristics even if there is no evidence to support this belief

A

halo effect

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18
Q

a term in which refers to those living in cultures which emphasizes the person before the group by focusing on independence and personal interests

A

individualism

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19
Q

occurs when after discussion, members of a group move to a more extreme position that was held prior to discussion

A

group polarization

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20
Q

the tendency to judge the behavior of those who share similar characteristics more favorably than those who are judged to be different

A

in-group bias

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21
Q

the belief that the world is fair and people deserve what they get

A

just world phenomena

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22
Q

the tendency to go along with a request which often comes from a figure of authority

A

compliance

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23
Q

individuals generally like a stimulus more and more after repeated exposures

A

mere exposure effect

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24
Q

holding negative feelings, opinions or beliefs which are associated with a stereotype of a specific category of individuals

A

prejudice

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25
Q

a method of persuasion that is based on superficial factors such as appearance or bright colors to persuade others

A

peripheral route to persuasion

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26
Q

a group considered different from one’s own who often become the “scapegoat” when things go wrong

A

out-group

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27
Q

adherence to a direct request from a person in a position of authority

A

obedience

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28
Q

a method of persuasion in which one provides a small token or gift in the hopes that the other will return the favor with agreement to a request

A

reciprocity norm

29
Q

a general guideline for expected behavior that may or may not be explicitly stated

A

norm

30
Q

the theory that individuals are more likely to form romantic relationships with others who have a similar level of attractiveness as themselves

A

matching hypothesis

31
Q

the tendency of individuals to conform to the behavior of a group because of their desire to fit in or be accepted by the group

A

normative social influence

32
Q

the tendency for individuals to believe that others notice their behaviors or mistakes more than they actually do

A

spotlight effect

33
Q

a reduction in performance when an individual is reminded they belong to a group which is known for low performance on a given task

A

stereotype threat

34
Q

members of an in-group who have pride in their membership of that group

A

social identity theory

35
Q

the tendency for groups to make poor decisions because members are afraid to speak up, they have a leader with strong opinions or they are under pressure to make a quick decision

A

groupthink

36
Q

the tendency for people to conform to the behaviors of others because they assume this is the correct way to respond in social situations

A

informational social influence

37
Q

when things do not turn out as expected one places blame on those who are different or in the out-group for the error

A

scapegoat theory

38
Q

the attempt to influence that attitudes or behaviors of others to align with one’s own beliefs or attitudes

A

persuasion

39
Q

occurs when one’s own or another expectations impacts the individual’s behavior. people often live up or down to the expectations of others or themselves

A

self-fulfilling prophecy

40
Q

guidelines or expectations for “appropriate” behavior in social situations

A

social norms

41
Q

any behavior that involves either verbal or physical intentions to cause harm to another person

A

aggression

42
Q

occurs more often in individualistic societies when people take personal credit for their successes and blame others or the situation for their failures

A

self-serving bias

43
Q

when people explain the behavior of themselves or others to by using situational factors such as the weather or luck

A

situational attribution (external)

44
Q

love that is characterized by a physical connection to others which is often found early in romantic relationships

A

passionate love

45
Q

the idea that persuasive messages lead to changes in attitude based on either using the central or peripheral route to persuasion

A

elaboration likelihood model

46
Q

the subfield of psychology focused on studying how people influence others thoughts, feelings and actions

A

social psychology

47
Q

cognitive schemas held about people based in their membership to particular groups

A

stereotype

48
Q

the tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone because they expect others will step in and do the work

A

social loafing

49
Q

the tendency to decrease performance on tasks that are difficult or not well practiced when others are present

A

social interference (inhibition)

50
Q

the tendency for performance to improve on easy or well-practiced tasks when others are present

A

social facilitation

51
Q

a situation in which one must make a decision to do what is right themselves or what is right for the group when they do not know the decision the group will make

A

social dilemma

52
Q

the theory of love is robert sternberg’s theory describing three components which combine to create various types of romantic relationships: passion, intimacy, and commitment

A

triangular theory of love

53
Q

guidelines regarding how a social situation should “play out” based on one’s experience of similar situations in the past

A

scripts

54
Q

the tendency to view social behavior as being reciprocal while seeking to maximize benefits and minimize costs

A

social exchange theory

55
Q

a reduced state of individuality in group situations. when people become more anonymous, they may be prone to violence or other negative actions because they will not be personally identified

A

deindividuation

56
Q

goals that involve tasks in which all people involved must work together to find a solution. this is often used to reduce tension or prejudice between groups

A

superordinate goals

57
Q

the potential for participants in a study to display the caractertics they believe that the experimenter wants to see rather than their genuine responses

A

social desirability bias

58
Q

type of bias that occurs more frequently in collectivist cultures and involves the tendency to credit others for one’s success while blaming one’s self for failures

A

self-effacing bias

59
Q

the tendency for individuals to work harder in a group than when alone

A

social striving

60
Q

a method of persuasion which emphasizes getting someone to agree to a request and then revealing the hidden costs, or add ons which raise the price of the item to which the person has already agreed to purchase

A

low-ball technique

61
Q

actions that benefit others and generally involve helping behaviors

A

prosocial behaviors

62
Q

improvement in performance when one knows that the group to which they belong often performs well on the particular task in which they are involves

A

stereotype boost

63
Q

a type of social dilemma in which an individual must choose between what is best for themselves or what is best for the group

A

prisoner’s dillemma

64
Q

a type of social dilemma in which an individual must decide if they will do what is best for themselves or the group when there is a limited supply of a common resource

A

commoner’s dilemma

65
Q

when individuals are blocked from achieving goals, they have an increased likelihood of engaging in actions that are intended to hurt others

A

frustration-aggression hypothesis

66
Q

the tendency for individuals to explain their own negative behavior using situational (external) factors while explaining the same behavior in others as a result of internal (personal) factors

A

actor-observer effect

67
Q

Intentionally setting up one’s self for failure in order to be able to make an external attribution for the failure when it occurs and preserve one’s self-esteem.

A

Self-handicapping

68
Q

assimilation

A

forces objects to fit his existing schemas rather than adapting his schemas to fit the new information.

ap psych (15 decks)

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