unit 11 quizlet review social psych Flashcards
the tendency to explain one’s own actions or the actions of others according to either internal or external attributes to explain why events of actions occur
attribution
the tendency to help others who are in need without expecting anything in return
alturism
a phenomenon in which people are less likely to help others in need when others are present because they believe that someone else will take action
bystander effect
a compliance technique which uses evidence and logic to convince others
central route to persuasion
a term which refers to those living in cultures where the needs and goals of the group are considered above those of the individual
collectivism
the tension or guilt that occurs when one’s actions and beliefs do not match
cognitive dissonance
a type of love characterized by feelings of intimacy created when people share their inner most thoughts and feelings with one another and are committed to a long-term investment in the relationship
compannionate love
the tendency to go along with the actions or ideas of others in an effort to “fit in”
conformity
occurs when individuals do not take action in an emergency, often because they are in a large group and assume someone else will act
diffusion of responsibility
the behavioral component of prejudice which involves treating individuals differently because of their membership in group about which one has predetermined expectations
discrimination
involves the process in which individuals explain the behavior of themselves or others as being the result of personal characteristics rather than situational events
dispositional attribution (internal attribution)
a method of persuasion in which an individual first makes a large request that is likely to be denied and then makes a more reasonable request which is more likely to be granted. this occurs because the smaller request seems more reasonable after the presentation of the larger request
door-in-the-face technique
the belief that one’s own cultural, religious, or ethnic group is superior to others
ethnocentrism
a phenomenon that involves the tendency for people to overestimate how many others agree with them in terms of their opinions, values, and behaviors
flase concensus effect
this occurs when one overestimates another individual’s personal characteristics and underestimates the situational factors that may contribute to their (generally negative) behavior
fundamental attribution error
a method of persuasion in which an individual first makes a small request to which they gain agreement and then makes a larger request to which the receiver is more likely to comply because they have already agreed to the initial request
foot-in-the-door technique
the belief that individuals with one positive characteristic have other positive characteristics even if there is no evidence to support this belief
halo effect
a term in which refers to those living in cultures which emphasizes the person before the group by focusing on independence and personal interests
individualism
occurs when after discussion, members of a group move to a more extreme position that was held prior to discussion
group polarization
the tendency to judge the behavior of those who share similar characteristics more favorably than those who are judged to be different
in-group bias
the belief that the world is fair and people deserve what they get
just world phenomena
the tendency to go along with a request which often comes from a figure of authority
compliance
individuals generally like a stimulus more and more after repeated exposures
mere exposure effect
holding negative feelings, opinions or beliefs which are associated with a stereotype of a specific category of individuals
prejudice
a method of persuasion that is based on superficial factors such as appearance or bright colors to persuade others
peripheral route to persuasion
a group considered different from one’s own who often become the “scapegoat” when things go wrong
out-group
adherence to a direct request from a person in a position of authority
obedience
a method of persuasion in which one provides a small token or gift in the hopes that the other will return the favor with agreement to a request
reciprocity norm
a general guideline for expected behavior that may or may not be explicitly stated
norm
the theory that individuals are more likely to form romantic relationships with others who have a similar level of attractiveness as themselves
matching hypothesis
the tendency of individuals to conform to the behavior of a group because of their desire to fit in or be accepted by the group
normative social influence
the tendency for individuals to believe that others notice their behaviors or mistakes more than they actually do
spotlight effect
a reduction in performance when an individual is reminded they belong to a group which is known for low performance on a given task
stereotype threat
members of an in-group who have pride in their membership of that group
social identity theory
the tendency for groups to make poor decisions because members are afraid to speak up, they have a leader with strong opinions or they are under pressure to make a quick decision
groupthink
the tendency for people to conform to the behaviors of others because they assume this is the correct way to respond in social situations
informational social influence
when things do not turn out as expected one places blame on those who are different or in the out-group for the error
scapegoat theory
the attempt to influence that attitudes or behaviors of others to align with one’s own beliefs or attitudes
persuasion
occurs when one’s own or another expectations impacts the individual’s behavior. people often live up or down to the expectations of others or themselves
self-fulfilling prophecy
guidelines or expectations for “appropriate” behavior in social situations
social norms
any behavior that involves either verbal or physical intentions to cause harm to another person
aggression
occurs more often in individualistic societies when people take personal credit for their successes and blame others or the situation for their failures
self-serving bias
when people explain the behavior of themselves or others to by using situational factors such as the weather or luck
situational attribution (external)
love that is characterized by a physical connection to others which is often found early in romantic relationships
passionate love
the idea that persuasive messages lead to changes in attitude based on either using the central or peripheral route to persuasion
elaboration likelihood model
the subfield of psychology focused on studying how people influence others thoughts, feelings and actions
social psychology
cognitive schemas held about people based in their membership to particular groups
stereotype
the tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone because they expect others will step in and do the work
social loafing
the tendency to decrease performance on tasks that are difficult or not well practiced when others are present
social interference (inhibition)
the tendency for performance to improve on easy or well-practiced tasks when others are present
social facilitation
a situation in which one must make a decision to do what is right themselves or what is right for the group when they do not know the decision the group will make
social dilemma
the theory of love is robert sternberg’s theory describing three components which combine to create various types of romantic relationships: passion, intimacy, and commitment
triangular theory of love
guidelines regarding how a social situation should “play out” based on one’s experience of similar situations in the past
scripts
the tendency to view social behavior as being reciprocal while seeking to maximize benefits and minimize costs
social exchange theory
a reduced state of individuality in group situations. when people become more anonymous, they may be prone to violence or other negative actions because they will not be personally identified
deindividuation
goals that involve tasks in which all people involved must work together to find a solution. this is often used to reduce tension or prejudice between groups
superordinate goals
the potential for participants in a study to display the caractertics they believe that the experimenter wants to see rather than their genuine responses
social desirability bias
type of bias that occurs more frequently in collectivist cultures and involves the tendency to credit others for one’s success while blaming one’s self for failures
self-effacing bias
the tendency for individuals to work harder in a group than when alone
social striving
a method of persuasion which emphasizes getting someone to agree to a request and then revealing the hidden costs, or add ons which raise the price of the item to which the person has already agreed to purchase
low-ball technique
actions that benefit others and generally involve helping behaviors
prosocial behaviors
improvement in performance when one knows that the group to which they belong often performs well on the particular task in which they are involves
stereotype boost
a type of social dilemma in which an individual must choose between what is best for themselves or what is best for the group
prisoner’s dillemma
a type of social dilemma in which an individual must decide if they will do what is best for themselves or the group when there is a limited supply of a common resource
commoner’s dilemma
when individuals are blocked from achieving goals, they have an increased likelihood of engaging in actions that are intended to hurt others
frustration-aggression hypothesis
the tendency for individuals to explain their own negative behavior using situational (external) factors while explaining the same behavior in others as a result of internal (personal) factors
actor-observer effect
Intentionally setting up one’s self for failure in order to be able to make an external attribution for the failure when it occurs and preserve one’s self-esteem.
Self-handicapping
assimilation
forces objects to fit his existing schemas rather than adapting his schemas to fit the new information.
