AP TEST unit 6 cognition/testing Flashcards
information processing steps
encoding, storage, retrieval
connectivism
memories are products of interconnected neural networks
working memory
emphasis on active auditory and visual processing areas controlled by central executive through an episodic buffer (something you are working at, like having to practice for sports )
effortful processing
requires effort, attention, used to process new information
automatic processing
not much attention, muscle memory, unconscious processing, implicit memories
procedural memory
for automatic skills, in cerebellum
long term potentiation
neurons firing more rapidly, action potential
spacing effect
we retain information better when our rehersal is distributed over time
serial position effect
recall is better for first and last items, poor for middle items
next in line effect
a person has less recall for words of other who spoke rightt before or after them
deep processing
better recall, meaning of information, picture memorizing quiz or specifics of a penny
shallow processing
structural, acoustic, surface characteristics (shape or color of something)
visual encoding
shallow, remembering the way something looks
acoustic encoding
intermediate processing remembering how something sounds
semantic encoding
deep processing something by its meaning
method of loci
method involving matching items to be memorized with a well known location (picture yourself walking through room studying method)
link method
forming mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together
chunking
organizing items into familiar and manageable unit
hierarchy
broken down into broad concepts and subdivided into categories and subcategories
echoic memories
brief auditory stimuli, keep it in longer
iconic memories
brief visual stimuli, shorter
haptic memories
tactic sense of touch, 1 second long
where is long term memory stored
cerebellum hippocoampus
cortisol
stress hormone from adrenal gland
anteretrograde amnesia
cannot make new memories, but remembers everything before
retrograde amnesia
cannot access old memories
source amnesia
attributing an event to the wrong source we have experienced, heard read, or imagined (misattribution)
context effects
Scuba divers recalled more words underwater if they learned the list underwater, and recalled more words on land if they learned the list on land
stoop effect
when we took at a word we automatically recall info about the word’s meaning; name of colors different them color
mood congruent memories
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood, emotions, or moods
tip of the tongue
retrival failure phenomenon; given a cue, subject almost gets it but doesn’t
storage decay
poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay; use it or lose it
retroactive interference
can’t get old information
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading info into one’s memory of an event
false memory syndrome
person’s identity and relationships center around false but strongly believed memories of traumatic experience
constructed memories
if false memories are implanted in individuals, they constrict it into their memories
insight
sudden realization of a solution to a problem
heuristics
shortcuts to make judgements and solve problems quicker but more error prone
confirmation bias
tendency to search for info that confirms a personal bias
functional fixedness
tendency to think of only familiar functions for objects
mental set
tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has bee successful in the past
representative heuristic
stereotypes, judging things in terms of how well they seem to match a prototype; “it reminds me of”; we judge people according to the likelihood they fit our representation of groups to which we feel they should belong
availability heuristic
whatever comes to mind easiest
overconfidence
tendency to be more confident than correct, to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
belief perseverance
changing to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
framing
the way an issue is posed, how an issue is framed can affect decisions and judgments
phonemes
smallest distinctive sound unit unspoken language
morophine
pumpkin = pump
semantics
set of rules by which we derived meaning (telling us to an “ed” means in past)
overgeneralization
generalizing rules
stages of learning language
babbling stage- 4 monhths
one word stage- before first year
two word stage- before 2nd year
inborn universal grammar
rate of language acquisition is so fast it cannot be explained through learning principles, most is inform (chomsky)
statistical learning and critical periods
We learn to recognize breaks in words before our first birthday
These statistical analysis are learned during critical periods of child development and if go unstimulated, will lose ability to fully master language
savant syndrome
A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
Gardenor’s theory of multiple intelligences
Including verbal, mathematical; everyone has different types of intelligence
Sternberg’s three intelligences
analytical, creative, practical
mental age
A measure of intelligence test performance devised by binet; chronological age that most tupicallyu corresponds to a given level of performance
achievement test
A test designed to assess what a person has learned
Aptitude tests
A test designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
reliability
The extent to which a test yields consistent results,
validity
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
reciprocal determinism
a person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment
gambler’s fallacy
likelihood of something affected by previous trials.
