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ap psych > AP TEST unit 6 cognition/testing > Flashcards

AP TEST unit 6 cognition/testing Flashcards

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1
Q

information processing steps

A

encoding, storage, retrieval

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2
Q

connectivism

A

memories are products of interconnected neural networks

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3
Q

working memory

A

emphasis on active auditory and visual processing areas controlled by central executive through an episodic buffer (something you are working at, like having to practice for sports )

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4
Q

effortful processing

A

requires effort, attention, used to process new information

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5
Q

automatic processing

A

not much attention, muscle memory, unconscious processing, implicit memories

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6
Q

procedural memory

A

for automatic skills, in cerebellum

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7
Q

long term potentiation

A

neurons firing more rapidly, action potential

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8
Q

spacing effect

A

we retain information better when our rehersal is distributed over time

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9
Q

serial position effect

A

recall is better for first and last items, poor for middle items

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10
Q

next in line effect

A

a person has less recall for words of other who spoke rightt before or after them

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11
Q

deep processing

A

better recall, meaning of information, picture memorizing quiz or specifics of a penny

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12
Q

shallow processing

A

structural, acoustic, surface characteristics (shape or color of something)

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13
Q

visual encoding

A

shallow, remembering the way something looks

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14
Q

acoustic encoding

A

intermediate processing remembering how something sounds

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15
Q

semantic encoding

A

deep processing something by its meaning

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16
Q

method of loci

A

method involving matching items to be memorized with a well known location (picture yourself walking through room studying method)

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17
Q

link method

A

forming mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together

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18
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar and manageable unit

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19
Q

hierarchy

A

broken down into broad concepts and subdivided into categories and subcategories

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20
Q

echoic memories

A

brief auditory stimuli, keep it in longer

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21
Q

iconic memories

A

brief visual stimuli, shorter

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22
Q

haptic memories

A

tactic sense of touch, 1 second long

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23
Q

where is long term memory stored

A

cerebellum hippocoampus

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24
Q

cortisol

A

stress hormone from adrenal gland

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25
Q

anteretrograde amnesia

A

cannot make new memories, but remembers everything before

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26
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

cannot access old memories

27
Q

source amnesia

A

attributing an event to the wrong source we have experienced, heard read, or imagined (misattribution)

28
Q

context effects

A

Scuba divers recalled more words underwater if they learned the list underwater, and recalled more words on land if they learned the list on land

29
Q

stoop effect

A

when we took at a word we automatically recall info about the word’s meaning; name of colors different them color

30
Q

mood congruent memories

A

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood, emotions, or moods

31
Q

tip of the tongue

A

retrival failure phenomenon; given a cue, subject almost gets it but doesn’t

32
Q

storage decay

A

poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay; use it or lose it

33
Q

retroactive interference

A

can’t get old information

34
Q

misinformation effect

A

incorporating misleading info into one’s memory of an event

35
Q

false memory syndrome

A

person’s identity and relationships center around false but strongly believed memories of traumatic experience

36
Q

constructed memories

A

if false memories are implanted in individuals, they constrict it into their memories

37
Q

insight

A

sudden realization of a solution to a problem

38
Q

heuristics

A

shortcuts to make judgements and solve problems quicker but more error prone

39
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to search for info that confirms a personal bias

40
Q

functional fixedness

A

tendency to think of only familiar functions for objects

41
Q

mental set

A

tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has bee successful in the past

42
Q

representative heuristic

A

stereotypes, judging things in terms of how well they seem to match a prototype; “it reminds me of”; we judge people according to the likelihood they fit our representation of groups to which we feel they should belong

43
Q

availability heuristic

A

whatever comes to mind easiest

44
Q

overconfidence

A

tendency to be more confident than correct, to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

45
Q

belief perseverance

A

changing to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

46
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posed, how an issue is framed can affect decisions and judgments

47
Q

phonemes

A

smallest distinctive sound unit unspoken language

48
Q

morophine

A

pumpkin = pump

49
Q

semantics

A

set of rules by which we derived meaning (telling us to an “ed” means in past)

50
Q

overgeneralization

A

generalizing rules

51
Q

stages of learning language

A

babbling stage- 4 monhths
one word stage- before first year
two word stage- before 2nd year

52
Q

inborn universal grammar

A

rate of language acquisition is so fast it cannot be explained through learning principles, most is inform (chomsky)

53
Q

statistical learning and critical periods

A

We learn to recognize breaks in words before our first birthday
These statistical analysis are learned during critical periods of child development and if go unstimulated, will lose ability to fully master language

54
Q

savant syndrome

A

A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

55
Q

Gardenor’s theory of multiple intelligences

A

Including verbal, mathematical; everyone has different types of intelligence

56
Q

Sternberg’s three intelligences

A

analytical, creative, practical

57
Q

mental age

A

A measure of intelligence test performance devised by binet; chronological age that most tupicallyu corresponds to a given level of performance

58
Q

achievement test

A

A test designed to assess what a person has learned

59
Q

Aptitude tests

A

A test designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

60
Q

reliability

A

The extent to which a test yields consistent results,

61
Q

validity

A

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

62
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

a person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment

63
Q

gambler’s fallacy

A

likelihood of something affected by previous trials.

ap psych (15 decks)

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