AP TEST unit 6 cognition/testing

Question 1

information processing steps

Answer 1

encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 2

connectivism

Answer 2

memories are products of interconnected neural networks

Question 3

working memory

Answer 3

emphasis on active auditory and visual processing areas controlled by central executive through an episodic buffer (something you are working at, like having to practice for sports )

Question 4

effortful processing

Answer 4

requires effort, attention, used to process new information

Question 5

automatic processing

Answer 5

not much attention, muscle memory, unconscious processing, implicit memories

Question 6

procedural memory

Answer 6

for automatic skills, in cerebellum

Question 7

long term potentiation

Answer 7

neurons firing more rapidly, action potential

Question 8

spacing effect

Answer 8

we retain information better when our rehersal is distributed over time

Question 9

serial position effect

Answer 9

recall is better for first and last items, poor for middle items

Question 10

next in line effect

Answer 10

a person has less recall for words of other who spoke rightt before or after them

Question 11

deep processing

Answer 11

better recall, meaning of information, picture memorizing quiz or specifics of a penny

Question 12

shallow processing

Answer 12

structural, acoustic, surface characteristics (shape or color of something)

Question 13

visual encoding

Answer 13

shallow, remembering the way something looks

Question 14

acoustic encoding

Answer 14

intermediate processing remembering how something sounds

Question 15

semantic encoding

Answer 15

deep processing something by its meaning

Question 16

method of loci

Answer 16

method involving matching items to be memorized with a well known location (picture yourself walking through room studying method)

Question 17

link method

Answer 17

forming mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together

Question 18

chunking

Answer 18

organizing items into familiar and manageable unit

Question 19

hierarchy

Answer 19

broken down into broad concepts and subdivided into categories and subcategories

Question 20

echoic memories

Answer 20

brief auditory stimuli, keep it in longer

Question 21

iconic memories

Answer 21

brief visual stimuli, shorter

Question 22

haptic memories

Answer 22

tactic sense of touch, 1 second long

Question 23

where is long term memory stored

Answer 23

cerebellum hippocoampus

Question 24

cortisol

Answer 24

stress hormone from adrenal gland

Question 25

anteretrograde amnesia

Answer 25

cannot make new memories, but remembers everything before

Question 26

retrograde amnesia

Answer 26

cannot access old memories

Question 27

source amnesia

Answer 27

attributing an event to the wrong source we have experienced, heard read, or imagined (misattribution)

Question 28

context effects

Answer 28

Scuba divers recalled more words underwater if they learned the list underwater, and recalled more words on land if they learned the list on land

Question 29

stoop effect

Answer 29

when we took at a word we automatically recall info about the word's meaning; name of colors different them color

Question 30

mood congruent memories

Answer 30

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood, emotions, or moods

Question 31

tip of the tongue

Answer 31

retrival failure phenomenon; given a cue, subject almost gets it but doesn't

Question 32

storage decay

Answer 32

poor durability of stored memories leads to their decay; use it or lose it

Question 33

retroactive interference

Answer 33

can't get old information

Question 34

misinformation effect

Answer 34

incorporating misleading info into one's memory of an event

Question 35

false memory syndrome

Answer 35

person's identity and relationships center around false but strongly believed memories of traumatic experience

Question 36

constructed memories

Answer 36

if false memories are implanted in individuals, they constrict it into their memories

Question 37

insight

Answer 37

sudden realization of a solution to a problem

Question 38

heuristics

Answer 38

shortcuts to make judgements and solve problems quicker but more error prone

Question 39

confirmation bias

Answer 39

tendency to search for info that confirms a personal bias

Question 40

functional fixedness

Answer 40

tendency to think of only familiar functions for objects

Question 41

mental set

Answer 41

tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has bee successful in the past

Question 42

representative heuristic

Answer 42

stereotypes, judging things in terms of how well they seem to match a prototype; "it reminds me of"; we judge people according to the likelihood they fit our representation of groups to which we feel they should belong

Question 43

availability heuristic

Answer 43

whatever comes to mind easiest

Question 44

overconfidence

Answer 44

tendency to be more confident than correct, to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

Question 45

belief perseverance

Answer 45

changing to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Question 46

framing

Answer 46

the way an issue is posed, how an issue is framed can affect decisions and judgments

Question 47

phonemes

Answer 47

smallest distinctive sound unit unspoken language

Question 48

morophine

Answer 48

pumpkin = pump

Question 49

semantics

Answer 49

set of rules by which we derived meaning (telling us to an "ed" means in past)

Question 50

overgeneralization

Answer 50

generalizing rules

Question 51

stages of learning language

Answer 51

babbling stage- 4 monhths one word stage- before first year two word stage- before 2nd year

Question 52

inborn universal grammar

Answer 52

rate of language acquisition is so fast it cannot be explained through learning principles, most is inform (chomsky)

Question 53

statistical learning and critical periods

Answer 53

We learn to recognize breaks in words before our first birthday These statistical analysis are learned during critical periods of child development and if go unstimulated, will lose ability to fully master language

Question 54

savant syndrome

Answer 54

A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

Question 55

Gardenor’s theory of multiple intelligences

Answer 55

Including verbal, mathematical; everyone has different types of intelligence

Question 56

Sternberg’s three intelligences

Answer 56

analytical, creative, practical

Question 57

mental age

Answer 57

A measure of intelligence test performance devised by binet; chronological age that most tupicallyu corresponds to a given level of performance

Question 58

achievement test

Answer 58

A test designed to assess what a person has learned

Question 59

Aptitude tests

Answer 59

A test designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

Question 60

reliability

Answer 60

The extent to which a test yields consistent results,

Question 61

validity

Answer 61

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Question 62

reciprocal determinism

Answer 62

a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment

Question 63

gambler's fallacy

Answer 63

likelihood of something affected by previous trials.