AP test unit 4/5 learning/states of consciousness

Question 1

circadian rhythms

Answer 1

occur every 24 hours

Question 2

ultradian rythms

Answer 2

biological rythms that occur more than once each day (stages of sleep)

Question 3

infradian rythms

Answer 3

biological rhythms that occur once a month or once a season (phases of moon)

Question 4

delta waves

Answer 4

large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

Question 5

narcolepsy

Answer 5

instant sleep

Question 6

somnambulism

Answer 6

sleep; walking

Question 7

bruxism

Answer 7

teeth grinding

Question 8

enuresis

Answer 8

bed wetting

Question 9

information processing theory

Answer 9

dreams serve as an important memory related function by sorting and shifting through the day’s experience

Question 10

physiological function theory

Answer 10

neural activity during REM sleep provides periodic stimulation of the brain

Question 11

activation synthesis theory

Answer 11

dreams are the mind’s attempt to make sense of random nerural firings; creating storyline

Question 12

cognitive development theory

Answer 12

dreams reflect knowledge, part of maturation process

Question 13

manifest content vs latent

Answer 13

remembered storyline of dream vs underlying meaning of a dream

Question 14

depressants

Answer 14

alcohol, barbiturates, opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functionsh

Question 15

hallucinogens

Answer 15

psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images

Question 16

aphetamies

Answer 16

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded up bodily functions and associated energy and mood changes

Question 17

habituation

Answer 17

focus and tune out distractions

Question 18

association

Answer 18

learning that two events occur together (stimulus, response and its consequences)

Question 19

classical conditioning

Answer 19

association of two seperate stimuli–anticipate events (pavlov, watson)

Question 20

operant conditioning

Answer 20

association of response (behavior) and its consequences (BFskinner)

Question 21

operational learning

Answer 21

learn from others’ experices/modeling (bandura)

Question 22

associative learning

Answer 22

type of learning that happens to someone, person learns to respond to a stimulus, previously the stimulus meant nothing (dog and bell)

Question 23

extinction

Answer 23

when an UCS doesn’t follow a CS, the CR spontaneously recovers and if CS persists alone becomes extinct again

Question 24

generalization

Answer 24

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response

Question 25

discrimination

Answer 25

learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Question 26

operant conditioning

Answer 26

behavior that operates on environment producing rewarding or punishing stimuli (thorndike puzzle box )

Question 27

law of effect

Answer 27

behavior will increase if the consequence is reinforcing to the subject, vice versa

Question 28

shaping

Answer 28

operant conditioning procedure in which reinforces guide behavior closer toward target behavior through successive approximations (little reinforcers along the way)

Question 29

positive reinforcement

Answer 29

anything that increases likelihood of a behavior following it with a desirable event or state (subject receives something they want)

Question 30

negative reinforcement

Answer 30

something subject doesn’t like it removed

Question 31

punishment

Answer 31

aversive event that decreases behavior that following (positive adds something unpleasant, negative removes something desirable)

Question 32

primary and secondary reformer

Answer 32

innately reinforcing stimulus like food or water vs learned reinforcer (paycheck)

Question 33

continuous reinforcement

Answer 33

reinforcing desired response each time it occurs

Question 34

partial reinforcement

Answer 34

reinforces response only part of time, slower results but greater resistance to extinction

Question 35

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 35

reinforces response only after specific number of response (5 apples = $1)

Question 36

variable ratio schedule

Answer 36

reinforces response after an unpredictable umber of responses (fishing, gambling)

Question 37

fixed interval schedule

Answer 37

reinforces response only after specific time has elapsed (paycheck every 2 weeks)

Question 38

variable interval schedule

Answer 38

reinforces response at unpredictable time intervals produces slow, steady response (pop quiz)

Question 39

mirror neurons

Answer 39

brain’s mirroring of another action enabling imitation and empathy; fire when doing smt or observing another person doing smt

Question 40

vicarious learning

Answer 40

we learn based on end results, seeing consequnces of another person’s behavior

Question 41

latent learning

Answer 41

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 42

intrinsic motivation

Answer 42

desire to perform a behavior effetely for its own sake

Question 43

learned helplessness

Answer 43

hopelessness learned when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Question 44

internal locus of control

Answer 44

perception you control your own fate

Question 45

external locus of control

Answer 45

perception that chance or outside forces beyond our person control our fate

Question 46

antisocial bahevioe

Answer 46

negative, destructive, unhelpful

Question 47

prosocial behavior

Answer 47

positive, constructer, helpful