AP test unit 8 development Flashcards

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1
Q

nature/nurture

A

How do genetic inheritance (our nature) and experience (the nurture we receive) influence our behavior?

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2
Q

continuity/stages

A

Is development a gradual, continuous process or a sequence of separate stages?

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3
Q

stability/change

A

Do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different people as we age.

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4
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

birth-2years; identifies object performance, object still exists when out of sight, recognition; children longer than 6 months don’t have object peramance, stranger anxiety

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5
Q

pre-operational

A

2-7 years; begins to use language, seeing things from other viewpoints, classified objects by single feature, egocentric

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6
Q

concrete operational

A

7-11 years; logical thinking, recognizes mathematical functions classifies objects by several features

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7
Q

formal operational

A

11+ years; abstract thinking, concerned with hypothetical of future, create and test hypothesis

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8
Q

pre conventional moral stage

A

1-9 years; punishment and obedience; right and wrong determined by what we are rewarded/punished for HOW IT AFFECTS THEM

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9
Q

conventional moral stage

A

adolescents/adults; interpersonal concordance, law and order; being good is what pleases others. being good means doing duty to society; WHAT OTHERS WILL THINK

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10
Q

post conventional moral stage

A

0-15% of over 20s; social contract, universal ethical principle; right and wrong determined by personal values, live with deeply held moral principles RIGHTS AND VALUES

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11
Q

trust vs mistrust

A

infancy; appreciation of independence and relatednesss

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12
Q

autonomy vs shame

A

early childhood; acceptance of cycle of life, integration to disintegration

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13
Q

initiative vs guilt

A

play age (3-6); humor, empathy, resilience

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14
Q

industry vs inferiority

A

school age (6-12); humility, acceptance of course of one’s life

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15
Q

identity vs confusion

A

adolescence (12-19); sense of complexity of life, merging of sensory, logical, aesthetic perception

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16
Q

intimacy vs isolation

A

early adulthood (20-25); sense of complexity of relationships, value of loving freely

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17
Q

generatively vs stagnation

A

adulthood; caritas, caring for others, empathy and concern

18
Q

integrity vs despair

A

old age; existential identity, sense of integrity strong enough to withstand physical disintegration

19
Q

teratogens

A

substances that cross placental barrier and harm prenatal environment

20
Q

rooting reflex

A

when touched on cheek, baby will turn toward touch

21
Q

grasping reflex

A

baby will try to grasp any object placed in palm

22
Q

moro reflex

A

when startled, baby will fling its body outward and retract to become small

23
Q

babinski reflex

A

will spread toes when foot stroked

24
Q

maturation

A

The development of the brain unfolds based on genetic instructions, leading various bodily and mental functions to occur in sequence

25
Q

schemas

A

concepts or mental frameworks people use to organize and interpret information; a person’s picture of the world

26
Q

assimilation

A

Interpreting a new experience within the context of existing schemas

27
Q

accommodation

A

Adapting current schemas to incorporate new information

28
Q

geocentricism

A

cannot perceive thing from another’s point of view, me me me

29
Q

Harlow and contact comfort

A

infants bond with surrogate mothers because of bodily contact, deprivation of attachment with real mother has long term effects

30
Q

insecure attachment

A

anxiety if mother is removed

31
Q

secure attachment

A

explore environment happily in presence of their mothers

32
Q

authoritarian parenting style

A

parent demands obedience, controls through p0unishment, limited communication, restrictive, limited love

33
Q

permissive indulgent

A

few rules, allows child to make own decisions, high communication, warmth, love, acceptance

34
Q

permissive neglectful

A

uninvolved, low levels of responsiveness, lack of support, absent

35
Q

authoritative

A

parent establishes clear limits, explanations for consequences, open communication, collaboration, love and warmth, democratic

36
Q

Erik Erikson and Psychosocial Development

A

Personality is profoundly influenced by our experiences with others (he was a neo-freudian)

37
Q

Asynchrony

A

awkward stage; the condition in which the growth of bodily parts is uneven, not understanding how body works

38
Q

self concept

A

A sense of one’s identity and personal worth emerges gradually around 6 months. Around 15-18 months they can recognize themselves in the mirror. By 8-10 years, their self-image is stable

39
Q

spotlight effect

A

The feeling experiences when individuals believe everyone is watching or listening to them

40
Q

personal fable

A

idea that you are unique, perhaps the only one who has every experienced this

41
Q

social clock

A

The “best” timing for certain life events

42
Q

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Thinking

A

pre conventional morality, conventional morality, postconventional morality