AP test unit 8 development Flashcards
nature/nurture
How do genetic inheritance (our nature) and experience (the nurture we receive) influence our behavior?
continuity/stages
Is development a gradual, continuous process or a sequence of separate stages?
stability/change
Do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different people as we age.
sensorimotor stage
birth-2years; identifies object performance, object still exists when out of sight, recognition; children longer than 6 months don’t have object peramance, stranger anxiety
pre-operational
2-7 years; begins to use language, seeing things from other viewpoints, classified objects by single feature, egocentric
concrete operational
7-11 years; logical thinking, recognizes mathematical functions classifies objects by several features
formal operational
11+ years; abstract thinking, concerned with hypothetical of future, create and test hypothesis
pre conventional moral stage
1-9 years; punishment and obedience; right and wrong determined by what we are rewarded/punished for HOW IT AFFECTS THEM
conventional moral stage
adolescents/adults; interpersonal concordance, law and order; being good is what pleases others. being good means doing duty to society; WHAT OTHERS WILL THINK
post conventional moral stage
0-15% of over 20s; social contract, universal ethical principle; right and wrong determined by personal values, live with deeply held moral principles RIGHTS AND VALUES
trust vs mistrust
infancy; appreciation of independence and relatednesss
autonomy vs shame
early childhood; acceptance of cycle of life, integration to disintegration
initiative vs guilt
play age (3-6); humor, empathy, resilience
industry vs inferiority
school age (6-12); humility, acceptance of course of one’s life
identity vs confusion
adolescence (12-19); sense of complexity of life, merging of sensory, logical, aesthetic perception
intimacy vs isolation
early adulthood (20-25); sense of complexity of relationships, value of loving freely
generatively vs stagnation
adulthood; caritas, caring for others, empathy and concern
integrity vs despair
old age; existential identity, sense of integrity strong enough to withstand physical disintegration
teratogens
substances that cross placental barrier and harm prenatal environment
rooting reflex
when touched on cheek, baby will turn toward touch
grasping reflex
baby will try to grasp any object placed in palm
moro reflex
when startled, baby will fling its body outward and retract to become small
babinski reflex
will spread toes when foot stroked
maturation
The development of the brain unfolds based on genetic instructions, leading various bodily and mental functions to occur in sequence
schemas
concepts or mental frameworks people use to organize and interpret information; a person’s picture of the world
assimilation
Interpreting a new experience within the context of existing schemas
accommodation
Adapting current schemas to incorporate new information
geocentricism
cannot perceive thing from another’s point of view, me me me
Harlow and contact comfort
infants bond with surrogate mothers because of bodily contact, deprivation of attachment with real mother has long term effects
insecure attachment
anxiety if mother is removed
secure attachment
explore environment happily in presence of their mothers
authoritarian parenting style
parent demands obedience, controls through p0unishment, limited communication, restrictive, limited love
permissive indulgent
few rules, allows child to make own decisions, high communication, warmth, love, acceptance
permissive neglectful
uninvolved, low levels of responsiveness, lack of support, absent
authoritative
parent establishes clear limits, explanations for consequences, open communication, collaboration, love and warmth, democratic
Erik Erikson and Psychosocial Development
Personality is profoundly influenced by our experiences with others (he was a neo-freudian)
Asynchrony
awkward stage; the condition in which the growth of bodily parts is uneven, not understanding how body works
self concept
A sense of one’s identity and personal worth emerges gradually around 6 months. Around 15-18 months they can recognize themselves in the mirror. By 8-10 years, their self-image is stable
spotlight effect
The feeling experiences when individuals believe everyone is watching or listening to them
personal fable
idea that you are unique, perhaps the only one who has every experienced this
social clock
The “best” timing for certain life events
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Thinking
pre conventional morality, conventional morality, postconventional morality
