Unit 11 Epidemiology Flashcards
What is the typical prevalence of CVA in the general population?
- 3% of adults have had a stroke at some point in their lives, with almost 150,000 deaths per year from stroke.
- Men are more likely than women to have a stroke.
- People who are black, Hispanic, American Indian, or Alaska natives are more likely than other people to have a stroke.
What are the causes of CVA?
- Strokes can happen at any time, but certain factors increase the chances of having a stroke.
- These are largely lifestyle factors that can be changed to reduce risk.
- Factors include family history of CVA, being older, having high blood pressure or high cholesterol, having heart disease or diabetes, having sickle cell disease, eating an unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, obesity, too much alcohol use, and tobacco use
What are the types of CVA?
- Ischemic strokes (clots)
- Hemorrhagic strokes (bleeds)
- Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
- Cryptogenic strokes
- Brainstem strokes
Ischemic Strokes
- Clots
- The leading cause of stroke.
Hemorrhagic Strokes
- Bleeds
- Occur when a blood vessel ruptures
Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)
Termed “ministrokes” and are caused by a temporary clot.
-TIAs can be warning signs of an impending stroke.
Cryptogenic Strokes
CVAs of unknown causes.
Brain-Stem Strokes
Impact the entire body, and the person appears to be “locked in” with an inability to move or speak.
What is the typical prevalence of ALS, MS, and PD in the general population?
- ALS affects approximately 16,000 people, though statistics on ALS have not been well kept nationally
- Again, while the numbers are not well tracked nationally, it is estimated that approximately 1 million people have MS
- Approximately one million people also have Parkinson’s disease.
What are the symptoms of ALS?
Progressive muscle weakness and eventual paralysis, clumsiness, fatigue, slurred speech, muscle cramps, pseudobulbar affect
What are the symptoms of MS?
Fatigue, numbness or tingling all over the body, weakness, difficulty walking, spasticity, vision problems, dizziness, pain and itching, cognitive changes, depression.
What are the symptoms of PD?
Movement symptoms include bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, dystonia, drooling, dyskinesia, festination, freezing, masked face, micrographia, shuffling gait, and hypophonia. Nonmovement symptoms include cognitive changes, constipation, feeling full, excessive sweating, fatigue, increased dandruff, hallucinations, lightheadedness, loss of taste and smell, mood disorder, sleep disorders, and weight loss
What is the prevalence of dementia?
- Alzhiemer’s is the most common type of dementia.
- Approximately 5 million adults have dementia, and that number is predicted to rise significantly during the next several decades.
- Dementia almost exclusively affects people over age 65, though early-onset dementia is possible.
What are the types of dementia?
- Alzheimer’s Disease
- Vascular Dementia
- Lewy Body dementia
- Fronto-Temporal Dementia
- Mixed Dementia
Alzheimer’s Disease
Caused by changes in the brain and results in difficulty remembering recent events but being able to recall long-term memories until the late stages of the disease.
