Cardiopulmonary Disorders Part 1 Flashcards
A review of the cardiopulmonary system
- Consists of the lungs, heart, and their interconnections.
- The heart and lungs work together to efficiently transport oxygen and nutrients to all systems in the body.
Circulation of Blood Through the Heart
Blood Pressure Normal Range
<120/80 mm/hg
Blood Pressure Abnormal Range
Hypertension: >140/90 mm/hg
Hypotension: <90/60 mm/Hg
Hypertensive Crisis: 180/120 mm/hg
SpO2 (Oxygen saturation) Purpose
- Percentage of oxygen carried by hemoglobin, measured noninvasively with a pulse oximetry probe.
- Provides information on oxygenation status.
SpO2 (Oxygen saturation) Normal Range
97-99%
SpO2 (Oxygen saturation) Abnormal Range
<90%
Respiratory Rate Normal Range Resting
10-12 breaths per minute
Respiratory Rate Abnormal Range (Resting)
Bradypnea: <12
Tachypnea: >20
Heart Rate Normal Range (Resting)
60-100 BPM
Athletes may have lower resting heart rates
Heart Rate Abnormal Range (Resting)
Bradycardia: <60 BPM
Tachycardia: >100 BPM
Maximum Heart Rate
Max HR = 220- age
ex. if your patient is 40 years old Max HR =180 (220-40)
Vital signs can be an indication of…
Homeostasis or stability of the patient. A change in vital signs can indicate a change in medial status.
Occupational therapists may take vitals more frequently in certain settings.
- Acute care & the intensive care unit
- Home health
- Inpatient rehabilitation
Vitals can indicate…
- How well a client is tolerating activity from a physiological perspective.
- Frequency of recording vitals may depend on how medically stable the patient is.
What is a heartbeat?
A heartbeat is one cardiac cycle: diastole and systole.
Diastole
Relaxation phase; when the four chambers fill up with blood
Systole
When the filled chambers pump blood out to the next chamber or blood vessel
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
The graphic recording of the heart’s cardiac cycle.
-The EKG strip shows each phase of the cardiac cycle, which provides information on cardiac functioning and is useful in detecting abnormalities of rate, rhythm, or regularity.
EKG Strip
P wave (EKG Strip)
Arterial depolarization; electrical impulse travels through the atria.
PR interval (EKG Strip)
AV conduction time; impulse travels from the atria to the AV node, and down the bundle branches, to where the ventricles contract.
QRS complex (EKG Strip)
Ventricular depolarization; impulse travels through the ventricles.
T wave (EKG Strip)
Ventricular repolarization; ventricles return to their resting state.
ST segment (EKG Strip)
Early repolarization; the ST segment should be at baseline. If elevated or depressed, could be a sign of MI or ischemia.
What is a cardiac arrhythmia?
A conduction disturbance of the heart that can lead to changes in rate, rhythm, or regularity.
Arrhythmias are categorized by:
- Where the problem originates (i.e. the atrium, ventricle, AV junction)
- The rate (i.e. normal, fast, slow)
- Regularity
Bradycardia (Abnormal Heart Rates)
<60 bpm
Tachycardia (Abnormal Heart Rates)
> 100 bpm
Supraventricular Tachycardia (Abnormal Heart Rates)
150-250 bpm
Atrial flutter (Abnormal Heart Rates)
250-350 bpm
Atrial fibrillation (Abnormal Heart Rates)
> 350 irregular bpm
Normal Sinus Rhythm, Bradycardia & Tachycardia
Fibrillation
An uncoordinated, extremely rapid and irregular contraction of the atria of ventricles.
Atrial fibrillation (A-fib)
- One of the most common arrhythmias with more than 2 million Americans diagnosed with this condition.
- Can be a chronic condition that is treated with anti-arrhythmic drugs or shocked back into a normal rhythm.
- When a patient with A-fib is cleared for occupational therapy services it is important to identify any activity parameters or precautions, monitor tolerance to activity, and modify treatment sessions accordingly.
Premature Ventricular Contractions (Ventricular Irregularity)
Ventricular Tachycardia (Ventricular Irregularity)
HR higher than 100 BPM that may be caused by heart disease or acute MI.
Ventricular Fibrillation (Ventricular Irregularity)
Very serious, can lead to cardiac arrest or sudden death.
Ventricular Fibrillation (Ventricular Irregularity)
Very serious, can lead to cardiac arrest or sudden death.
Occupational therapists work with individuals with cardiopulmonary conditions in a variety of settings.
- Acute care/Intensive Care Unit
- Outpatient Rehabilitation: Pulmonary rehab, Chronic disease management & lifestyle modification
- Home health: Disease management, Medical monitoring
