Obesity Flashcards
Obesity
A chronic disease epidemic that affects both adults and children and is becoming more prevalent in the United States.
Obesity Statistics
- In 2016, approximately 40% of U.S. adults were obese and approximately 14% of children were classified as obese.
- Obesity is more prevalent in Hispanic and African American populations, with a significant socioeconomic correlation where those who have higher income and those with higher education are less likely to be obese.
Obesity leads to other conditions such as…
- Heart disease
- Stroke
- Type 2 diabetes
- &some types of cancer.
People who are obese are more likely to die from…
Preventable conditions and die earlier than their non-obese counterparts.
Prevalence and Incidence of Obesity
- Obesity, overweight and physical inactivity account for 1 in 10 deaths in the U.S.
- More than one-third (about 35%) of adults are obese (approximately 78 million)
- Almost 13 million (16.9%) of children ages 2 to 19 are obese.
- Individuals with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher are considered obese.
- Hispanic children having a sedentary lifestyle are at higher risk for obesity.
- Overweight and obesity are positively associated with functional limitations in crawling, walking, running and playing limiting essential skills for children to explore and participate in various occupations.
- Cultural and environmental factors may contribute to obesity with limited access to fresh and nutritious food.
Obesity and Diabetes
- Diabetes is one of the most common chronic childhood diseases and is linked with childhood obesity. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition and influenced by environmental factors.
- Type I diabetic conditions do not produce the adequate amounts of insulin to control blood glucose levels.
- Type II is a metabolic disorder highly associated with overweight status and often diagnosed in children with the onset of puberty.
- Over time, both types of diabetes can lead to serious health complications.
According to the American Medical Association, obesity is defined as follows:
- Obesity recently classified as a disease by AMA
- Obesity is an impairment of the normal functioning of some aspect of the body
- Obesity is characteristic of signs and symptoms
- Obesity causes harm or morbidity
Definition Childhood Obesity
Child obesity is defined as children and adolescents ages 2 to 19 years of age with a body mass index (BMI) at or above 85th percentile and below the 95th percentile for children and teens of the same age and sex.
Obesity Factors
- Genetics
- Behavioral Concerns
- Psychosocial Factors
- Environmental Factors
- Family Habits
Genetics (Obesity Factors)
Determined by heredity
Behavioral Concerns (Obesity Factors)
Eating habits, lifestyle, activity choices
Psychosocial Factors (Obesity Factors)
Depression, anxiety, self-esteem, distress, bullying, teasing
Environmental Factors (Obesity Factors)
Sedentary activity, high media users
Family Habits (Obesity Factors)
Additional family members with obesity concerns
Risk Factors of Obesity
- Increases blood cholesterol and triglycerides
- Increases blood pressure
- Induces diabetes
- Increases risk of cardiac disease and heart attacks
- Increases risk of stroke
- Increases risk of gallstones, osteoarthritis and respiratory problems
Affects of Obesity on Children
-Childhood obesity has escalated to a worldwide epidemic and public health issue.
0Insufficient physical activity is linked to one of the greatest contributors to childhood obesity.
-According to the WHO, 2016a, obesity affects morbidity, mortality, overall health, academic achievement and quality of life.
-Obesity undermines a child’s physical, social, emotional and mental health.
-Obesity is a multifaceted problem, putting children at risk for bullying, being stigmatized or marginalized.
Stigma of Obesity
- Persons with obesity may be perceived as dishonest, sloppy, lacking self control, unattractive, intellectually impaired, socially impaired
- Stigma associated with obesity spans the life span, and persons who are obese are at risk for being bullied, having reduced self esteem, having poor self-concept, and are susceptible to verbal and physical abuse.
Stress and Anxiety of Obesity
- Increased cortisol as a result of stress may contribute to increased adipose tissue.
- Chronic stress may lead to reward seeking behaviors related to high food craving and increased weight gain.
Physical (Impact of Obesity on occupational engagement)
- Limited mobility
- Limited ROM
- Decreased hygiene
- Poor skin integrity
- Skin folds, loose skin shearing, open wounds
- Lymphedema
Emotional (Impact of Obesity on occupational engagement)
- Depression
- Stress
- Guilt
- Sadness
Social (Impact of Obesity on occupational engagement)
- Isolation
- Loss of intimacy
- Slow to participate
- Family habits
- Routines
- Lifestyle
Obesity and Bullying
According to AOTA, occupational therapists are “front line providers” who can address bullying or prevent bullying entirely during school, play and work routines. Children and teens face multiple challenges:
- Family stress and tension
- Feelings of inadequacy
- Peer rejection
- Difficulty concentrating
- Experience illness associated with bullying headaches, stomachaches
- Disruptions in sleep
- Low morale
Role of OT and Education
- Promote healthy living
- Develop occupation-based health programs
- Teach empowerment strategies to promote wellness
- Encourage healthy routines
- Teach coping and behavioral strategies
- Teach prevention and healthy habits
- Promote bully prevention programs
OT Role in Bariatric Care (obesity)
Helping individuals with lifestyle change, weight management and promoting engagement in meaningful activities
