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USAHS Conditions Test 3 > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Diabetes

A

3 different types

  • Type 1 Diabetes
  • Type 2 Diabetes
  • Gestational Diabetes
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2
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

(insulin-dependent diabetes)

  • Requires insulin to treat
  • Typically developed as a child or young adult
  • It is a disease that destroys pancreatic cells, meaning that no insulin production is possible.
  • Has more genetic and heritable causes
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3
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

(non-insulin dependent diabetes)

  • Considerably more common
  • Typically affects people over the age of 45, who are also overweight.
  • Those suffering from type 2 are unable to produce enough insulin, and sugar builds up in the bloodstream.
  • Develops later in life and has more lifestyle-factor causes
  • Prevalent chronic condition seen throughout the life span.
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4
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A
  • Occurs during pregnancy
  • Pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have highblood glucose(sugar) levels during pregnancy are said to have gestational diabetes.
  • Affects the mother in late pregnancy, after the baby’s body has been formed, and while the baby continues to grow.
  • Does not cause the kinds of birth defects sometimes seen in babies whose mothers had diabetes before pregnancy.
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5
Q

Diabetes

A
  • A disease in which the body is unable to properly use and store glucose (a form of sugar).
  • Glucose backs up in the bloodstream and this causes the patient’s/client’s blood glucose (ex. often referred to as blood sugar) to rise to high levels.
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6
Q

People with diabetes do not have…

A
  • A normal release of insulin in response to changes in blood sugar.
  • Their bodies may have released too much or too little insulin in response to the food.
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7
Q

People with diabetes tend to be…

A

Very thirsty, hungry, tired, heal slower than usual, urinate frequently, have blurry vision, and experience tingling in their hands or feet.

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8
Q

How does Diabetes impact a person’s occupational performance?

A

Both the symptoms of diabetes and the lifestyle changes needed to manage diabetes

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9
Q

Impact from Diabetes

A
  • 29.1 million Americans, or 9.3% of the population, had type-2 diabetes (e.g. Adult onset).
  • Approximately 1.25 million American children and adults have type-1 diabetes.
  • The percentage of Americans age 65 and older with diabetes remains fairly high, at 25.9%; in otherwords, 11.8 million seniors have diabetes (diagnosed and undiagnosed).
  • Diabetes remains the 7th leading cause of death in the United States in 2010 69,071 death certificates listing diabetes as the underlying cause of death, and a total of 234,051 death certificates listing diabetes as an underlying or contributing cause of death.
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10
Q

Diabetic Conditions can impact the human condition in many ways; such as:

A
  • Lead to heart and Blood-vessel disease
  • Peripheral Nerve Damage
  • Kidney Damage
  • Eye Damage
  • Damage to Blood Flow
  • Hearing Impairment
  • Skin Problems
  • Alzheimers Disease
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11
Q

Lead to heart and Blood-vessel disease, such as… (Impact From Diabetes)

A
  • Coronary artery disease (CAD)
  • Increase the likelihood of heart attacks
  • Atherosclerosis (narrowing of the arteries)
  • Increases blood pressure-thus-patients suffer from high blood pressure.
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12
Q

Peripheral Nerve Damage (Impact From Diabetes)

A

Impact the peripheral nerves of the extremities (e.g. polyneuropathy-all 4 extremities); this leads to tingling and pins-&-needle sensation distally in the fingers and toes. If untreated, patients can loose protective sensation.

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13
Q

Kidney Damage (Impact from Diabetes)

A

Diabetes can damage the delicate filtration system found in the kidneys and in severe cases can lead to kidney failure or irreversible end-stage kidney disease requiring dialysis treatments.

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14
Q

Eye Damage (Impact from Diabetes)

A
  • Known as diabetic retinopathy or damage to the delicate blood vessels to the retina
  • This condition can lead to partial of complete blindness.
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15
Q

Damage to blood-flow (Impact from Diabetes)

A

Distally in the feet, along with poor sensation, can lead to inflections and serious diabetic ulcers that may require amputations
(ex. toe, transmetatarsal, or below the knee-BKA).

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16
Q

Hearing Impairment (Impact from Diabetes)

A

Patients/clients with diabetes are more apt to suffer from hearing problems.

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17
Q

(Impact from Diabetes)

A

Diabetic patients/clients are more susceptible to skin problems, such as:

  • Discoloration
  • Bacterial and fungal infections.
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18
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease (Impact from Diabetes)

A

Diabetics with type II diabetes have an increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease
-The more non-compliant you are with the management of type II diabetes the greater the risk is for getting AD.

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19
Q

Diabetic Conditions: Signs and Symptoms

A

Increased thirst and frequent urination

  • Increased hunger
  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue
  • Slow-healing sores or frequent infections
  • Dark or decolorated skin
  • Blurred vision
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20
Q

Increased thirst and frequent urination (Diabetes Signs and Symptoms)

A
  • Excess sugar building up in your bloodstream causes fluid to be pulled from the tissues.
  • This may leave you thirsty.
  • As a result, you may drink, and urinate, more than usual.
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21
Q

Increased Hunger (Diabetes Signs and Symptoms)

A

Without enough insulin to move sugar into your cells, your muscles and organs become depleted of energy. This triggers intense hunger.

22
Q

Weight loss (Diabetes Signs and Symptoms)

A
  • Despite eating more than usual to relieve hunger, you may lose weight.
  • Without the ability to metabolize glucose, the body uses alternative fuels stored in muscle and fat.
  • Calories are lost as excess glucose is released in the urine.
23
Q

Fatigue (Diabetes Signs and Symptoms)

A

If your cells are deprived of sugar, you may become tired and irritable.

24
Q

Slow-healing sores or frequent infections (Diabetes Signs and Symptoms)

A

Type 2 diabetes affects your ability to heal and resist infections; infections are typically seen in the feet and hands.

25
Q

Dark or Decolorated Skin (Diabetes Signs and Symptoms)

A

Some people with type 2 diabetes have patches of dark, velvety skin in the folds and creases of their bodies

  • You will find this discoloration in the armpits and neck.
  • This condition, called acanthosis nigricans; it is often a sign of insulin resistance.
26
Q

Blurred Vision (Diabetes Signs and Symptoms)

A
  • If your blood sugar is too high, fluid may be pulled from the lenses of your eyes.
  • This may affect your ability to focus.
27
Q

How can these signs & symptoms impact patients/clients’ ability to engage in their daily chores?

A
  • Diminished visual acuity (eye-sight)
  • Diminished sensation
  • Improper management of blood glucose
  • Fatigue and feeling tired
28
Q

Diminished visual acuity (eye-sight) (Diabetes Signs and Symptoms)

A

or blind spots due to retinopathy may raise the risk of falling in and around the home.

29
Q

Diminished Sensation (Diabetes Signs and Symptoms)

A

(e.g. protective response to pin-prick, or a heated surface) may cause injuries to the extremities which may lead to infections.

30
Q

Improper management of blood glucose (Diabetes Signs and Symptoms)

A

Can lead to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) or hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).

31
Q

Fatigue and feeling tired (Diabetes Signs and Symptoms)

A

Prevent the diabetic patient from engaging in house cleaning, shopping for food, driving their vehicle, visiting friends, etc.

32
Q

Diminished visual acuity due to retinopathy (signs & symptoms impact patients/clients’ ability to engage in their daily chores)

A

Crossing a busy roadway with traffic

33
Q

Diminished tactile awareness due to neuropathy (signs & symptoms impact patients/clients’ ability to engage in their daily chores)

A

Placing hands on a hot stove-top

34
Q

Diminished tactile awareness due to neuropathy (signs & symptoms impact patients/clients’ ability to engage in their daily chores)

A

Donning shoe with a pebble (foreign object) in it

35
Q

Hypoglycemia from improper dosing of insulin (signs & symptoms impact patients/clients’ ability to engage in their daily chores)

A

Hypoglycemia can lead to weakness, and fainting and the diabetic patient can incur serious injuries from falling.

36
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy

A
  • A complication of diabetes that occurs when blood vessels in the retina of the eye are damaged or swollen, or begin to grow irregularly
  • Hasfour stages: mild, moderate, severe, and proliferative retinopathy.
37
Q

Diabetic Neuropathy

A
  • A type of nerve damage that can occur if you have diabetes.
  • High blood sugar (glucose) can injure nerve fibers throughout your body, but diabetic neuropathy most often damages nerves in your legs and feet.
  • A serious complication of diabetes
  • However, it can be prevented or slowed down with tight blood sugar control and a healthy lifestyle
38
Q

Diabetic Nephropathy

A

Damage to your kidneys caused by diabetes

-In severe cases it can lead to kidney failure. But not everyone with diabetes incurs kidney damage.

39
Q

Acanthosis Nigricans (Diabetes)

A

(dark shading of the skin)

  • This is a condition that results in the darkening and thickening of the skin
  • These areas will often take-on a color of tan or brown skin, sometimes slightly raised, and appear on the sides of the neck, the armpits, and groin.
40
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (Diabetes)

A
  • A buildup of acids in your blood. It can happen when your blood sugaris too high for too long.
  • It could be life-threatening, but it usually takes many hours to become that serious.
41
Q

Hypertension (HTN) (Diabetes)

A

High blood pressure is a common condition in which the long-term force of the blood against your artery walls is high enough that it may eventually cause health problems, such as heart disease
(Diabetics are more prone to suffer from hypertension).

42
Q

Heart Disease (Diabetes)

A
  • Coronary artery disease (CAD)
  • High Blood Pressure (HTN)
  • Diabetes mellitus (DM)
  • Increase the likelihood of heart disease.
  • Each of these risk factors alone can damage theheart.
  • Cardiac artery disease reduces the flow of oxygen-rich blood to yourheartmuscle, while high blood pressure anddiabetesmaycause harmful changes in the structure and function of theheart.
43
Q

Managing Diabetes

A
  • Can be challenging

- Diabetic patients can be some of the most non-compliant (non-adherent) patients to

44
Q

Obstacles that Impact the management of Diabetes:

A
  • Poor healthcare understanding (e.g. healthcare literacy)
  • Denial or emotional issues (depression, anxiety, etc.)
  • Physical limitations (tremors, wheelchair bound, poor eyesight, etc.)
  • Geographical isolation (lives too far from the pharmacy or cannot drive their own vehicle)
  • Cognition (unable to remember dose, location, time-&-day of oral or injectable glycemic medication).
  • Education & continued instruction to Manage Diabetes
45
Q

Poor healthcare understanding/ Healthcare literacy (Managing Diabetic Conditions)

A
  • Patients do not understand complex instructions because they may have low healthcare literacy (e.g. knowledge about medicines, and ancillary equipment used in the management of diabetes).
  • Patients may live alone and/or do not have family members who can assist them in managing their diabetes.
  • These “home-aloners” are the ones most susceptible to diabetic complications.
46
Q

Denial or emotional issues (Managing Diabetic Conditions)

A

(depression, anxiety, etc.)

  • When patients are faced with making profound lifestyle changes they may initially deny the gravity of the situation (e.g. medical condition) or they might have anxiety about using a needle or taking yet another oral medication.
  • Finances become a limiting factor as some patients cannot pay for all the meds, the special foods, and the transportation to see the endocrinologist (Diabetic specialist).
47
Q

Physical limitations (Managing Diabetic Conditions)

A

(tremors, wheelchair bound, poor eyesight, etc.)

  • Can hamper or even prevent the diabetic patient from taking his/her medication as instructed.
  • Could be caused by tremors
  • Could be caused by use of one arm (e.g. s/p cerebral vascular accident-CVA)
  • Could be caused by poor eyesight (e.g. from retinopathy)
  • Could be caused from being wheelchair bound; thus, it limits the sites the patient can inject him/herself.
48
Q

Geographical isolation (Managing Diabetic Conditions)

A

(lives too far from the pharmacy or cannot drive their own vehicle)

  • Being isolated geographically makes getting routine medications (oral meds and injectables) very difficult for the patient.
  • Diabetic patients may not be able to drive their own vehicles due to visual field cuts from retinopathy, and therefore, depend on neighbors and family members to retrieve their medications at the pharmacy.
49
Q

Cognition (Managing Diabetic Conditions)

A

(unable to remember dose, location, time-&-day of oral or injectable glycemic medication).

  • Type 2 diabetes is closely associated with accelerated cognitive decline and an increased risk of developing dementia, particularly in older individuals
  • Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) can lead to unconsciousness, seizure, coma or even death. Mild to moderate levels of hypoglycemia commonly affect cognitive functions. Patients with diabetes may experience mood changes and difficulty with memory, planning, attention and concentration
50
Q

Education & continued instruction to Manage Diabetes

A
  • A collaborative process between the educator (Nurse, Pharmacist, PCP, Endocrinologist, Podiatrist, Social-Worker, etc.) and the patient; this includes up to 10 hours of counseling in the first year after diagnosis to address a variety of topics.
  • Once the MD gives the patient a diagnosis of diabetes, they will likely be told about the importance of self-care and direct them to take their medication, monitor their blood glucose, exercise and lose weight if needed; this information needs time for processing and for lifestyle changes—none of which are easy.
51
Q

Diabetes Summary

A
  • Diabetes is a condition in which the body’s levels of blood sugar and the hormone insulin are out of balance. It is one of the most common diseases in the United States, and its numbers are constantly rising. There are three main forms of diabetes: Type 1, in which the body does not make enough insulin; Type 2, in which the body does not make enough insulin or it doesn’t use the insulin properly and Gestational diabetes which occurs only during pregnancy.
  • Health care providers and researchers do not yet know what causes diabetes; however, some of the following factors may increase your chance of getting diabetes: (1) Family history of diabetes or inherited tendency (2) African-American, Hispanic, Native American or Asian-American race or ethnic background, (3) Being overweight, (4) Physical stress (such as surgery or illness), (5) Use of certain medications, including steroid and blood pressure medications (6) Injury to pancreas (such as infection, tumor, surgery or accident), (7) Autoimmune disease, (8) High blood pressure, (9) abnormal blood cholesterol…and so on…

USAHS Conditions Test 3 (22 decks)

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