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USAHS Conditions Test 3 > Cardiopulmonary Disorders Part 2 > Flashcards

Cardiopulmonary Disorders Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Not Correctable Heart Disease Risk Factors

A
  • Heredity
  • Age
  • Gender
  • After menopause in women
  • Personal history of coronary artery disease
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2
Q

Heredity (Not Correctable Heart Disease Risk Factors)

A

Family history of heart disease before age 55 in men and 65 in women

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3
Q

Age (Not Correctable Heart Disease Risk Factors)

A

Older than 60

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4
Q

Gender (Not Correctable Heart Disease Risk Factors)

A

Men have higher incidence of heart disease

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5
Q

Preventable or Modifiable Heart Disease Risk Factors

A
  • High cholesterol
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Diet high in saturated fat and calories
  • Excess alcohol consumption
  • High blood pressure or hypertension
  • Thrombogenic risk factors
  • Diabetes mellitus or hyperglycemia
  • Being overweight
  • Physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle
  • Psychosocial factors and emotional stress
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6
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A
  • Develops when the coronary arteries become damage. Primarily occurs due to atherosclerosis or narrowing of the coronary arteries.
  • The leading cause of death for both men and women, according to the Center for Disease Control.
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7
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

The formation & build up of plaque within the arterial wall.

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8
Q

Stenosis

A

The narrowing of arteries when plaque hardens within the arterial wall.

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9
Q

Symptoms of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A
  • Severe CAD may lead to a heart attack
  • Angina (chest pain)
  • Nausea and Vomiting
  • Diaphoresis (excessive sweating
  • Fatigue
  • Pallor (pale appearance)
  • Cool Extremities
  • Shortness of breath
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10
Q

Pharmacological Interventions & Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A
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11
Q

Cholesterol-modifying medications(CAD Pharmacological Interventions)

A

Decreases LDL cholesterol & triglycerides. Increases HDL cholesterol.

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12
Q

Aspirin or blood thinners (CAD Pharmacological Interventions)

A

Reduces the risk of blood clots.

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13
Q

Beta-blockers (CAD Pharmacological Interventions)

A

Work by blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline.
Slows the heart rate and decreases blood pressure.

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14
Q

Nitroglycerin tablets (CAD Pharmacological Interventions)

A

Open coronary arteries and decrease chest pain.

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15
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

(AKA a heart attack)

  • Occurs when the blood flow that brings oxygen to the heart muscles is severely reduced or completely occluded causing the heart muscle tissue to be without oxygen.
  • Can be due to spasm or atherosclerosis.
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16
Q

MI can occur in individuals with…

A

CAD

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17
Q

The leading cause of MI is…

A

Atherosclerosis
-When the plaque build up rupture and a blood clot or thrombus forms at the site of the rupture. This can occlude all blood flow through the coronary artery.

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18
Q

Medical Management after Myocardial Infarction

A
  • Aspirin
  • Nitroglycerin
  • Thrombolytic Medication
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19
Q

Aspirin (Medical Management after Myocardial Infarction)

A

Often the first-line treatment.

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20
Q

Thrombolytic Medication (Medical Management after Myocardial Infarction)

A
  • Commonly referred to “clot busting” medicine.
  • Used to dissolve blood clots in the coronary arteries.
  • For best results, administered within hours of the start of symptoms.
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21
Q

Surgical Management of CAD and/or MI:

A

Angioplasty

22
Q

Angioplasty

A
  • When artery blockage is severe, certain surgical procedures can be used to restore and improve blood flow.
  • A procedure in which a catheter with a deflated balloon is inserted into the blocked artery. Once in place, the balloon is inflated. This compresses the plaque to the sides of the artery, opens up the artery & improves blood flow.
  • A stent may be inserted a the time of ballooning to ensure the vessel remains open. Then, the balloon & catheter are removed.
  • Often performed percutaneously.
23
Q

Surgical Management of CAD and/or MI:

A

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

24
Q

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

A
  • When artery blockage is severe, certain surgical procedures can be used to restore and improve blood flow.
  • During a CABG, the heart is accessed via a sternotomy. A healthy artery or vein from another part of the body is removed and surgically attached, or grafted, to the blocked artery. The grafted artery or vein bypasses the blocked portion of the coronary artery. This can restore and/or improve blood flow.
  • As many as four major coronary arteries can be bypassed during one surgery.
25
Q

Surgical Management of CAD and/or MI:

A

Sternotomy & Sternal Precautions

26
Q

Sternotomy & Sternal Precautions

A

A median line is drawn through the sternum, the sternum is then cracked open to allow access for cardiac surgery. Prior to closing the chest cavity, a fixation is applied to the fractured sternal bone. Often steel wires are used close to the sternum.

27
Q

Sternal Precautions

A
  • In place for 6-8 weeks: Allows time for the bone to heal
  • No pushing
  • No pulling
  • No lifting anything over 5-10 lbs
28
Q

Heart Failure (Congestive Heart Failure)

A
  • A chronic & non-curable condition with a poor prognosis.
  • The heart is weakened and unable to beat strongly enough to maintain adequate blood flow throughout the body.
  • The heart chambers enlarge & become less efficient at pumping blood to the rest of the body. This causes a backup of blood into the venous system, overloads tissues (congestion) and causes edema.
29
Q

Types of Heart Failure:

A
  • Right-sided heart failure: The right ventricle cannot contract properly.
  • Left-sided heart failure: Most common form of heart failure.
30
Q

General Symptoms:

A

Dyspnea

  • Orthopnea
  • Fatigue
  • Exercise intolerance
  • Coughing
  • Weight gain
  • LE edema from fluid retention
  • Left sided heart failure can also lead to pulmonary edema.
31
Q

Management of CHF

A
  • Lifestyle Modifications
  • Medication Management
  • Surgical Management
32
Q

Medication Management of CHF

A
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: Expand the blood vessels to decrease the heart’s workload.
  • Diuretics: Reduce fluid overload.
  • Dioxin: Helps the heart to contract properly.
33
Q

Surgical Management of CHF

A
  • Depending on the cause of CHF a CABG, angioplasty, or heart valve replacement may be considered.
  • Heart transplant
  • Ventricular Assistive Devices
34
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A
  • An overarching term referring to a group of lung diseases characterized by airflow obstruction that interferes with normal breathing.
    (ex. emphysema or chronic bronchitis)
  • Progressive and irreversible disease
35
Q

(Management of COPD)

A
36
Q

Medication Management (Management of COPD)

A
  • Bronchodilators
  • Steroids
  • Antibiotics
  • Oxygen therapy
37
Q

Bronchodilators (Medication Management of COPD)

A

Used to relax the muscles around the airways to alleviate coughing and decrease dyspnea.

38
Q

Steroids (Medication Management of COPD)

A

Reduce airway inflammation and help prevent exacerbations.

39
Q

Antibiotics (Medication Management of COPD)

A

Prevent exacerbations as respiratory infections (i.e pneumonia)

40
Q

Oxygen Therapy (Medication Management of COPD)

A

Help maintain spO2 saturations.

41
Q

Surgical Management (Management of COPD)

A
  • Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS): Procedure to remove diseased, emphysematous lung tissue
  • Lung transplant
42
Q

Cardiopulmonary Conditions: The Interdisciplinary Team

A
  • Nutritionist
  • Rehabilitation
  • Cardiologist
  • Cardiac Surgeon
  • Primary care MD
  • Nurse
43
Q

Common symptoms impacting function (Cardiopulmonary Conditions)

A
  • Shortness of Breath
  • Fatique
  • Decreased Activity Tolerance
  • Deconditioning
  • Fluid Build-Up/Edema
44
Q

Disease management & Lifestyle modification (Role of OT in Cardiopulmonary Diseases)

A
  • Medication management
  • Guided and safe progression of strengthening & endurance training
  • Nutrition
45
Q

Evaluation and Treatment of Occupational Performance (Role of OT in Cardiopulmonary Diseases)

A

Skilled progression of functional tasks to improve independence and daily disease management

46
Q

Education (Role of OT in Cardiopulmonary Diseases)

A
  • Energy conservation
  • Work simplification
  • Pacing strategies
  • Post surgical precautions as they apply to functional tasks
47
Q

MET Levels of Different Functional Tasks

A

MET levels are metabolic equivalents. They clarify how much energy is required to perform a specific task.

48
Q

Typical Energy Requirement (METS)

A
49
Q

You have made a goal for your client to complete light housekeeping without assistance from a caregiver. Which of the following tasks is considered light housekeeping with a MET level of 1.5-4.0?

A

Making the Bed

50
Q

Borg Rate of Perceived Exertion

A

Can be used to quantify perceived exertion during physical activity or ADLs.

USAHS Conditions Test 3 (22 decks)

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