Unit 1 Test

Question 1

Jonathan Edwards

Answer 1

A clergyman who criticized class distinctions in urban churches.His preaching initiated a revival among colonists.

Question 2

George Whitefield

Answer 2

English clergyman who went on multiple preaching tours in the colonies in 1738. Urged people to invest less in material goods and more in spiritual devotion, New Light ministers carried on his work.

Question 3

Old Lights

Answer 3

Colonial religious leaders from established churches who fought the First Great Awakening changes. Supported the religious status of the 1700s.

Question 4

New Lights

Answer 4

Led the First Great Awakening and re energized faith. Did not want materials to overshadow spiritual devotion and denounced the organized old clergy. Used spontaneous speeches and were open, attracting young people.

Question 5

Church choice = Democracy

Answer 5

The more individualistic culture surrounding religion laid the groundwork for the want of a democracy in America.

Question 6

New Colleges

Answer 6

New Lights wanted new centers of higher learning since all the established ones taught religious leaders in the Old Light way.

Question 7

F&I War - Colonial advantages (England vs. France)

Answer 7

English had more wealth and people, but France was more united and had alliances with Indians

Question 8

What caused the French and Indian War?

Answer 8

The war was fought over control of the Ohio River Valley. The French began building forts there.

Question 9

Albany Congress

Answer 9

1754: Delegates from seven colonies met to discuss the French threat during the F&I War. Their goals were to keep their Iroquois allies, and to discuss a plan of colonial union (first time discussed)

Question 10

Turning point of the F&I War

Answer 10

1758: When the British navy and military came under the control of better, younger leaders (Amherst and Wolfe, appointed by Pitt).

Question 11

Battle of Quebec

Answer 11

1759: Most important battle of the F&I war. Wolfe is killed, but British win the battle. It forced Montreal to surrender.

Question 12

Treaty of Paris 1763

Answer 12

Officially ended the war. France’s N. American holdings went to England, Spain recovered Cuba but lost territory in Florida and Caribbean. France kept some islands.

Question 13

Proclamation Line of 1763

Answer 13

The line drawn through the Appalachian mtns that restricted colonists from moving further west. They felt betrayed.

Question 14

Salutary Neglect

Answer 14

The neglect of the health of the colonies. The colonies had been independent from England since Jamestown in the 1730s, but the French & Indian War made England want to enforce policies again.

Question 15

Sugar Act

Answer 15

Passed in 1764, cracked down on smuggling of French molasses into colonies. Affected mostly rich people, aimed to increase revenue and encourage importation of British goods. (1st tax for crown)

Question 16

Stamp Act

Answer 16

1765, taxed any transaction with paper, raised money to keep redcoats in the colonies. Affected everyone and sparked protests and the Stamp Act Congress. No taxation without representation

Question 17

Declaratory Act

Answer 17

England saying they would make more laws and the colonies had to follow them.

Question 18

Townshend Duties

Answer 18

1767, taxed tea and lead products. Colonists boycotted and rebelled, caused the Boston Tea Party. More army regiments were stationed.

Question 19

Boston Massacre

Answer 19

1770, American harassed redcoats & 3 were shot, Adams defended the redcoats in court

Question 20

Boston Tea Party

Answer 20

Dec. 16, 1773. Sons of Liberty dumped tea into the harbor dressed as Indians, directly caused by the Townshend Acts.

Question 21

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

Answer 21

Response to the Boston Tea Party: Closed Boston port until tea was repaid, new quartering act, harsher Admiralty courts, King told French they could expand into Ohio Valley.

Question 22

First Continental Congress

Answer 22

1774, a weak form of a central government caused by the Intolerable Acts. Made grievances against England but never discussed revolution

Question 23

Second Continental Congress

Answer 23

1775, offered the Olive Branch Petition, then the Declaration of Independence. Acted as the de facto government during the revolution, organized the Continental army (placed Washington in charge), and passed the Articles of Confederation.

Question 24

Lexington and Concord

Answer 24

1775, first shots of the war, British wanted to confiscate weapons from the militia and capture Patriot leaders. Paul Revere’s famous ride. US lost.

Question 25

Bunker Hill

Answer 25

1775, England won when the colonists ran out of bullets, but suffered heavy losses. Encouraged colonists.

Question 26

Olive Branch Petition

Answer 26

1775, sent out by Second Continental Congress, aimed to make peace with England

Question 27

Declaration of Independence

Answer 27

July 4, 1776. Written mostly by Jefferson, first document to include natural rights (idea from John Locke) and the right to rebel. Listed all crimes committed by King George III.

Question 28

Saratoga & Franco-American Alliance

Answer 28

1777, British General Burgoyne forced to surrender, clear victory convinced France to openly support the colonies. Turning point of the war

Question 29

Valley Forge

Answer 29

1778, Colonial army survived brutal winter and were trained by Von Steuben.

Question 30

Yorktown

Answer 30

1781, Combined Continental & French forces made British surrender and withdraw from the war. Mostly ended the war

Question 31

Treaty of Paris 1783

Answer 31

Officially made the US a country, gave US control of all territory to the Mississippi River.

Question 32

Articles of Confederation

Answer 32

1781-1789, Very weak central government passed by the Second Continental Congress. No military, no taxes, no national currency. Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787 were under it.

Question 33

Land Ordinance of 1785

Answer 33

Survey and sale of western lands to help pay off debt, only way for AoC to raise money. Every 16th section supported public education.

Question 34

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Answer 34

Drafted by Jefferson, said old states = new states, established territory and state regulations, and said no slavery in new territories.

Question 35

Shay’s Rebellion

Answer 35

1786-1787, Western Mass. farmers were mad about debts & taxes, burned down courthouses to avoid foreclosure on their farms. Washington’s militia joined the farmers side, revealed need for a stronger central government.

Question 36

Constitutional Convention

Answer 36

1787, the meeting in Philadelphia where delegates drafted the Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation.

Question 37

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

Answer 37

Factions (not political parties). Federalists wanted national supremacy while the anti- Federalists wanted states rights.

Question 38

The Great Compromise

Answer 38

Established the Senate and House of Representatives

Question 39

3 Branches

Answer 39

AKA Separation of Powers: Judicial, legislative, and executive branch. Idea from Montesquieu, works through Checks & Balances

Question 40

Checks & Balances

Answer 40

Each branch holds some power over other branches.

Question 41

Bill of Rights

Answer 41

The first ten amendments added to the Constitution added as a compromise between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Guaranteed basic rights for Americans

Question 42

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Answer 42

Main goal was to establish national credit by paying off the nation’s debt and establishing a national bank. State debts would be assumed by ntnl govt, paid for by tariffs and taxes. Controversial and caused the capital to move from Philadelphia to Washington DC.

Question 43

Loose vs. Strict Interpretation

Answer 43

“Loose” Interpretation was by Federalists - If Constitution doesn’t say you CAN’T, then you can
“Strict” Interpretation was Anti-Federalists - If Constitution doesn’t say you CAN, then you can’t

Question 44

Whiskey Rebellion

Answer 44

1791-1794, Caused by the tax on whiskey, angry western Penn. farmers protested against it (made less money). The government response was the first show of the new Constitutions increased central power.

Question 45

American Neutrality

Answer 45

A precedent set by Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation in 1793. Declared the US neutral in other nations conflicts, including the French Revolution. Caused a rift between France and England supporters.

Question 46

Jay’s Treaty

Answer 46

1794, controversial treaty as a response to aggressive British actions. British gave up trading posts & retreated above Great Lakes in exchange for US allowing British Navy to stop, search, & seize American ships. Created large political divides and started a quasi-war between France and US.

Question 47

Pinckney Treaty

Answer 47

1795, treaty with Spain that set the southern boundary of the US and opened the Mississippi River & New Orleans port to American trade. Ceased aid to the Indians.

Question 48

Washington’s Farewell Address

Answer 48

Warned against the formation of political parties, said permanent alliances with Europe are bad but temporary ones are good.

Question 49

Federalists

Answer 49

Main leaders were Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. Wanted a strong central govt and loosely interpreted Constitution. Supported by property owners and merchants. Pro-British

Question 50

Democratic-Republicans

Answer 50

Main leader was Thomas Jefferson. Wanted a weak central government and strictly interpreted Constitution. Supported by farmers and artisans. Pro-French.

Question 51

Election of 1796

Answer 51

“Balanced the Ticket” - political parties picked President and VP candidates from opposing regions to increase their votes.

Question 52

XYZ Affair

Answer 52

French agents demanded a bribe before Americans would be allowed to meet with the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand. DR were also outraged and Congress approved an embargo act, initiating a quasi-war for the next 2 years.

Question 53

Alien & Sedition Acts

Answer 53

1798, two security acts passed by Federalists due to quasi-war with France. Alien Act allowed John Adams to imprison or deport those who spoke against him. Sedition Act outlawed bad statements about the pres or Congress with the threat of jail (affected journalists and publishers)

Question 54

Kentucky & Virginia Resolution

Answer 54

The Democratic-Republican party’s response to Alien & Sedition Acts. Written by Jefferson (Kentucky) and Madison (Virginia). Said states could declare acts null and void. Concepts of “Compact Theory” and “Nullification” were the first big states rights issues and causes of the civil war.

Question 55

Midnight Judges

Answer 55

Judges appointed by John Adams right before he was replaced by Jefferson in order to maintain Federalist control in the government.

Question 56

Election of 1800

Answer 56

AKA Revolution of 1800, won by Jefferson. First election in which the 2 political parties were deeply divided. Despite this, US managed to have a peaceful transition of power.