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APUSH > Unit 1 Test > Flashcards

Unit 1 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Jonathan Edwards

A

A clergyman who criticized class distinctions in urban churches.His preaching initiated a revival among colonists.

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2
Q

George Whitefield

A

English clergyman who went on multiple preaching tours in the colonies in 1738. Urged people to invest less in material goods and more in spiritual devotion, New Light ministers carried on his work.

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3
Q

Old Lights

A

Colonial religious leaders from established churches who fought the First Great Awakening changes. Supported the religious status of the 1700s.

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4
Q

New Lights

A

Led the First Great Awakening and re energized faith. Did not want materials to overshadow spiritual devotion and denounced the organized old clergy. Used spontaneous speeches and were open, attracting young people.

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5
Q

Church choice = Democracy

A

The more individualistic culture surrounding religion laid the groundwork for the want of a democracy in America.

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6
Q

New Colleges

A

New Lights wanted new centers of higher learning since all the established ones taught religious leaders in the Old Light way.

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7
Q

F&I War - Colonial advantages (England vs. France)

A

English had more wealth and people, but France was more united and had alliances with Indians

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8
Q

What caused the French and Indian War?

A

The war was fought over control of the Ohio River Valley. The French began building forts there.

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9
Q

Albany Congress

A

1754: Delegates from seven colonies met to discuss the French threat during the F&I War. Their goals were to keep their Iroquois allies, and to discuss a plan of colonial union (first time discussed)

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10
Q

Turning point of the F&I War

A

1758: When the British navy and military came under the control of better, younger leaders (Amherst and Wolfe, appointed by Pitt).

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11
Q

Battle of Quebec

A

1759: Most important battle of the F&I war. Wolfe is killed, but British win the battle. It forced Montreal to surrender.

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12
Q

Treaty of Paris 1763

A

Officially ended the war. France’s N. American holdings went to England, Spain recovered Cuba but lost territory in Florida and Caribbean. France kept some islands.

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13
Q

Proclamation Line of 1763

A

The line drawn through the Appalachian mtns that restricted colonists from moving further west. They felt betrayed.

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14
Q

Salutary Neglect

A

The neglect of the health of the colonies. The colonies had been independent from England since Jamestown in the 1730s, but the French & Indian War made England want to enforce policies again.

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15
Q

Sugar Act

A

Passed in 1764, cracked down on smuggling of French molasses into colonies. Affected mostly rich people, aimed to increase revenue and encourage importation of British goods. (1st tax for crown)

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16
Q

Stamp Act

A

1765, taxed any transaction with paper, raised money to keep redcoats in the colonies. Affected everyone and sparked protests and the Stamp Act Congress. No taxation without representation

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17
Q

Declaratory Act

A

England saying they would make more laws and the colonies had to follow them.

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18
Q

Townshend Duties

A

1767, taxed tea and lead products. Colonists boycotted and rebelled, caused the Boston Tea Party. More army regiments were stationed.

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19
Q

Boston Massacre

A

1770, American harassed redcoats & 3 were shot, Adams defended the redcoats in court

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20
Q

Boston Tea Party

A

Dec. 16, 1773. Sons of Liberty dumped tea into the harbor dressed as Indians, directly caused by the Townshend Acts.

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21
Q

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

A

Response to the Boston Tea Party: Closed Boston port until tea was repaid, new quartering act, harsher Admiralty courts, King told French they could expand into Ohio Valley.

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22
Q

First Continental Congress

A

1774, a weak form of a central government caused by the Intolerable Acts. Made grievances against England but never discussed revolution

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23
Q

Second Continental Congress

A

1775, offered the Olive Branch Petition, then the Declaration of Independence. Acted as the de facto government during the revolution, organized the Continental army (placed Washington in charge), and passed the Articles of Confederation.

24
Q

Lexington and Concord

A

1775, first shots of the war, British wanted to confiscate weapons from the militia and capture Patriot leaders. Paul Revere’s famous ride. US lost.

25
Q

Bunker Hill

A

1775, England won when the colonists ran out of bullets, but suffered heavy losses. Encouraged colonists.

26
Q

Olive Branch Petition

A

1775, sent out by Second Continental Congress, aimed to make peace with England

27
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

July 4, 1776. Written mostly by Jefferson, first document to include natural rights (idea from John Locke) and the right to rebel. Listed all crimes committed by King George III.

28
Q

Saratoga & Franco-American Alliance

A

1777, British General Burgoyne forced to surrender, clear victory convinced France to openly support the colonies. Turning point of the war

29
Q

Valley Forge

A

1778, Colonial army survived brutal winter and were trained by Von Steuben.

30
Q

Yorktown

A

1781, Combined Continental & French forces made British surrender and withdraw from the war. Mostly ended the war

31
Q

Treaty of Paris 1783

A

Officially made the US a country, gave US control of all territory to the Mississippi River.

32
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

1781-1789, Very weak central government passed by the Second Continental Congress. No military, no taxes, no national currency. Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787 were under it.

33
Q

Land Ordinance of 1785

A

Survey and sale of western lands to help pay off debt, only way for AoC to raise money. Every 16th section supported public education.

34
Q

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

A

Drafted by Jefferson, said old states = new states, established territory and state regulations, and said no slavery in new territories.

35
Q

Shay’s Rebellion

A

1786-1787, Western Mass. farmers were mad about debts & taxes, burned down courthouses to avoid foreclosure on their farms. Washington’s militia joined the farmers side, revealed need for a stronger central government.

36
Q

Constitutional Convention

A

1787, the meeting in Philadelphia where delegates drafted the Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation.

37
Q

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

A

Factions (not political parties). Federalists wanted national supremacy while the anti- Federalists wanted states rights.

38
Q

The Great Compromise

A

Established the Senate and House of Representatives

39
Q

3 Branches

A

AKA Separation of Powers: Judicial, legislative, and executive branch. Idea from Montesquieu, works through Checks & Balances

40
Q

Checks & Balances

A

Each branch holds some power over other branches.

41
Q

Bill of Rights

A

The first ten amendments added to the Constitution added as a compromise between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Guaranteed basic rights for Americans

42
Q

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

A

Main goal was to establish national credit by paying off the nation’s debt and establishing a national bank. State debts would be assumed by ntnl govt, paid for by tariffs and taxes. Controversial and caused the capital to move from Philadelphia to Washington DC.

43
Q

Loose vs. Strict Interpretation

A

“Loose” Interpretation was by Federalists - If Constitution doesn’t say you CAN’T, then you can
“Strict” Interpretation was Anti-Federalists - If Constitution doesn’t say you CAN, then you can’t

44
Q

Whiskey Rebellion

A

1791-1794, Caused by the tax on whiskey, angry western Penn. farmers protested against it (made less money). The government response was the first show of the new Constitutions increased central power.

45
Q

American Neutrality

A

A precedent set by Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation in 1793. Declared the US neutral in other nations conflicts, including the French Revolution. Caused a rift between France and England supporters.

46
Q

Jay’s Treaty

A

1794, controversial treaty as a response to aggressive British actions. British gave up trading posts & retreated above Great Lakes in exchange for US allowing British Navy to stop, search, & seize American ships. Created large political divides and started a quasi-war between France and US.

47
Q

Pinckney Treaty

A

1795, treaty with Spain that set the southern boundary of the US and opened the Mississippi River & New Orleans port to American trade. Ceased aid to the Indians.

48
Q

Washington’s Farewell Address

A

Warned against the formation of political parties, said permanent alliances with Europe are bad but temporary ones are good.

49
Q

Federalists

A

Main leaders were Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. Wanted a strong central govt and loosely interpreted Constitution. Supported by property owners and merchants. Pro-British

50
Q

Democratic-Republicans

A

Main leader was Thomas Jefferson. Wanted a weak central government and strictly interpreted Constitution. Supported by farmers and artisans. Pro-French.

51
Q

Election of 1796

A

“Balanced the Ticket” - political parties picked President and VP candidates from opposing regions to increase their votes.

52
Q

XYZ Affair

A

French agents demanded a bribe before Americans would be allowed to meet with the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand. DR were also outraged and Congress approved an embargo act, initiating a quasi-war for the next 2 years.

53
Q

Alien & Sedition Acts

A

1798, two security acts passed by Federalists due to quasi-war with France. Alien Act allowed John Adams to imprison or deport those who spoke against him. Sedition Act outlawed bad statements about the pres or Congress with the threat of jail (affected journalists and publishers)

54
Q

Kentucky & Virginia Resolution

A

The Democratic-Republican party’s response to Alien & Sedition Acts. Written by Jefferson (Kentucky) and Madison (Virginia). Said states could declare acts null and void. Concepts of “Compact Theory” and “Nullification” were the first big states rights issues and causes of the civil war.

55
Q

Midnight Judges

A

Judges appointed by John Adams right before he was replaced by Jefferson in order to maintain Federalist control in the government.

56
Q

Election of 1800

A

AKA Revolution of 1800, won by Jefferson. First election in which the 2 political parties were deeply divided. Despite this, US managed to have a peaceful transition of power.

APUSH (8 decks)

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