Unit 1: Lecture Things Flashcards
Classification of bones
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesame is
Body planes
Transverse, frontal, saggital, oblique, median
Joints
Synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous
Synovial joints
Pivot, ball and socket, hinge, saddle, condyloid, plane
Fibrous joint
Syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis
Cartilaginous
Primary (epiphysial plate), secondary (intervertebral disc)
Shape of muscle
Flat, pennate, fusiform, quadrate, circular or sphincteral
Functions of lymphatic system
Drain tissue fluids, absorb and transport fat, formation of defense mechanism for body
Extrinsic back muscles
Trapezius, latissimus Dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids
Triangle of auscultation
Vertebral border of scapula, superior border of latissimus, lateral border of trapezius
Extrinsic intermediate muscles of back
Serratus posterior superior and inferior
Intrinsic muscles of back
Splenius, erector spinal, transverse spinal
Transversospinalis group
Semispinalis, multifidus, rotators
Joints of vertebrae
Facet (zygapophysial) between articulate facets
Fibrocartilaginous (symphasis) intervertebral discs
Disc most prone to rupture
Limbo-sacral joint, tear in annulus fibrosis
Pars interarticularis
Region of lamina between superior and inferior facets
Spondylolysis
Fracture of pars portion of vertebrae
Spondylolisthesis
Vertebrae shift forward due to instability from pars defect
Scottie dog image
Refers to spondylolysis break
There is no ligament between what?
The pedi led. Because of intervetebral formina and emergence of spinal nerves
Ligamentous nuchae
Serves as attachment of cervical muscles
Needle passage through which layers in spinal tap
Supra and interspinous ligaments, through ligamenta flava (pop), epidural space, dura, arachnoid, subarachnoid space
Pia 2 shock cords?
Denticulate ligaments, filamentum terminal
Grey matter
Consists of nerve cell bodies and unmylinated nerves
White matter
Consists of myelinated axons for communication up and down the column
Types of nerves
Somatic sensory, somatic motor, visceral sensory, visceral motor
Dermatomes
Skin area supplied by a single pair of nerves
Peripheral nervous system
Divisions are somatic and Autonomic
Components are cranial and spinal nerves
Autonomic nervous system
Divisions are Visceral sensory and visceral motor
Somatic division neurons
One motor neuron, cell bodies in cns, axons all the way to skeletal muscles
Autonomic system neuron
2 motor neurons, preganglionic in cns, ganglion if in cell body in ganglion outside cns, slower than somatic because less or no myelination
Origin of parasympathetic
Most cranial and sacral nerves
Origin of sympathetic
T1-L2
Sympathetic also called
Thoracolumbar system
Parasympathetic also called
Craniosacral
Sympathetic release
Norepinephrine
Parasympathetic release
Actylcholine
Trapezius O and I
Occipital protuberance, C7-T12
Latissimus Dorsi O and I
T7-L5, iliac crest and humerus bicipital goove
Levator Scapulae O and I
C1-C4 and superior angle of scapula
Rhomboid maj and min O and I
C7-T1, T2-T5 and medial border of scapula
Rhomboid active when…
Forcibly lowering arms, sledgehammer
Serratus Posterior Superior and Inferior O and I
C7-T3 and T11-L2 and 2-5 rib, 8-12 rib
Function of the back
Support, movement, protection
Secondary Curvatures
Move body center of gravity within the body to permit upright posture; Lumbar and cervical
Kyphosis
Wedging anteriorly
Lordosis
Wedging posteriorly
Vertebral arch and processes exists
to protect the spinal cord, attachments of muscles, articulation with the ribs, regulation of movements
T12
Transition vertebrae, most likely to be fractured
Vertebrae are held together by
ligaments, intervertebral discs, synovial joints between articular processes
2 components of Intervertebral disks
Outer rim (anulus fibrosus), Central gelatinous nucleus pulposus; shock absorbers
Ligamentum Nuchae
Serves as attachment of cervical muscles
Lateral Horns of grey matter present in?
Thoracic region only
Flexor Reflex
Cuteaneous ending, afferent neuron, internuncial neuron, alpha motor neuron, motor end plates
Monosynaptic Stretch reflex
Neuromuscular spindle, afferent neuron, alpha motor neuron, motor end-plate
3 a and v drainage of spinal cord
p. spinal v., p. spinal a., and posterolateral spinal v
Splanchnic nerve
Innervates internal organs through a prevertebral ganglia, activating sympathetic senses, except pelvic which is parasympathetic
**4 directions of preganglionic axons in sympathetic trunk
Synapse on postganglionic neuron in chain ganglion then return to spinal nerve and follow ganglioin to the skin, ascend or descend, enter without synapsing, form spanchnic nerve synapsing in prevertebral ganglion
Laciferous duct
Commence toward nipple from each lobe
Lactiferous sinus
open into tip of nipple, collect milk and contract in let down reflex
Blood supply of breast
Internal thoracic artery (subclavian), Axillary branches: superior thoracic, thoracoacromial (pec branch), lateral thoracic, subscapular, and intercostal artery
What supplies blood to nipple and areola?
Intercostal Artery
Venous drainage of breast
internal mammary, axillary, posterior intercostal
Lymphatic Drainage of breast
Axillary, internal mammary, supraclavicular, posterior intercostal
2 groups of Lymphatic drainage
Superficial, skin; deep, tissue and areola/nipple
Superficial drainage nodes
Axillary, supraclavicular, parasternal
Deep drainage nodes
Anterior axillary, subareolar lymphatic plexus, parasternal, posterior intercostal, supraclavicular
Signs of breast cancer
Skin dimpling, nipple retraction, Peau d’orange; aka pull on suspensory ligaments, retraction of milk ducts, lymphatic obstruction
Amazia
Nipple development, no breast development
Athelia
No nipple over breast
Clavipectoral fascia
very thick layer wraps around pec minor and extends to axillary fossa
Retinacula
Transverse thickening of the antebrachial fascia, retains tendons; acts as pullies
Palmar aponeurosis
deep fascia extends into the hand as he palmar aponeurosis and extends into the fingers
Subdivisions of clavipectotoral
costochoricoid membrane, suspensory ligament
Pectoralis Major O and I
Clavicular and sternal attachements; lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus
Pectoralis Minor O and I
3-5 ribs; coracoid process of scapula
Subclavius O and I
1st rib and cartilage; middle third of clavicle
Serratus Anterior O and I
1-8 ribs; Medial border of scapula
Rotator cuff muscles
Deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major, subscapularis
Which rotator cuff muscle is damaged the most?
Supraspinatus; it does not rotate
Flexor Retinaculum
Thickening of the fascia in the forearm, attaches to the scaphoid and trapezium, pisiform and hamate
Biceps O and I
Long head: supraglenoid process; short head: coracoid process, radial tubrosity
Choracobrachialis O and I
Coracoid process, middle of humerus
Brachialis O and I
Distal humerus, coronoid tuberosity of ulna
Triceps O and I
Long: infraglenoid tubercle, Laterial: posterior humerus, radial groove, Medial: humerus, radial groove; olecranon
Aconeus O and I
Epicondyle of humerus, olecranon
