Unit 1: Glucose/Electrolyte Homeostasis Flashcards
1
Q
Role of insulin
A
- decrease blood glucose
- secreted by Beta cells within islets if pancreas
- insulin circulates blood stream to target certain cells and poor glucose into cell body out of blood stream
2
Q
Role of glucagon
A
- Increases blood glucose
- secreted by alpha cells
- Glucagon travels in large amounts to the liver and stimulates production of glucose
3
Q
Types of production of glucose that glucagon stimulates
A
- Lipolysis: metabolizes fat for energy
- Glycogenolysis: breaking down stored glucose called glycogen that is released as glucose
- Gluconeogenesis: production of glucose from amino acids and fatty acids
4
Q
Importance of blood glucose levels
A
Important for energy and brain function
- hypoglycemia - low blood sugar levels
- hyperglycemia- diabetes mellitus
5
Q
Role of aldosterone
A
- Saves sodium and water and loses potassium
- adrenal cortex secretes this
- increases renal reabsorption of sodium and excretion if potassium
- low blood sodium and/or high blood potassium stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
- increases blood pressure as well
6
Q
Role of calcitonin
A
- released in response to high blood calcium levels
- C cells in thyroid gland secrete calcitonin
- acts to lower blood calcium (secretes in urine or into bones)
7
Q
The role of parathyroid hormone
A
PTH
- Raises blood calcium to normal
- released when blood calcium is low
- causes calcium in the blood to increase to norma via negative feedback
8
Q
Type I diabetes
A
- inability to produce insulin from beta cells
- insulin dependent
- mostly in younger people
9
Q
Type II diabetes
A
- insulin receptor failure
- cels do not respond to insulin
- usually in adults
- obesity is a major contributor
10
Q
Hypervolemia
A
- excess fluid volume in the blood
- can be caused by heart disease (causing increased release of aldosterone which causes water retention)
- causes high blood pressure
11
Q
Hypovolemia
A
- refers to low blood volume
- can be due to loss of blood (hemorrhage) or fluid like severe vomiting/diarrhea
- can cause low blood pressure
- can result in shock
12
Q
Hypernatremia
A
- high sodium levels in the blood
- can be due to excessive sodium intake
- can also be due to deficiency in antidiuretic hormone , resulting in excessive loss of water
13
Q
Hyponatremia
A
- refers to low sodium levels in the blood
- can be due to decreased sodium intake or excessive water intake
- or decreased water excretion from too much antidiuretic hormone
14
Q
Hyperkalemia
A
- high blood potassium levels in blood
- can be caused by deficiency of the hormone aldosterone
- risk of cardiac arrest
15
Q
Hypokalemia
A
- refers to low potassium levels in the blood
- can be caused by an excess of insulin
16
Q
Hypercalcemia
A
- Refers to high calcium levels in blood
- can be caused by excessive parathyroid hormones
17
Q
Hypocalcemia
A
- refers to low calcium levels in the blood
- can be caused by decreased parathyroid hormones or insufficient vitamin D intake
18
Q
What is the standard glucose curve?
A
A series of points of reference for converting optical density readings into glucose readings
19
Q
Fasted glucose ranges
A
Normal - 110 or below
Diabetes - 126 or higher
Borderline - 110-126 mg/dl
