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Anatomy/Physiology II > Unit 1: Blood > Flashcards

Unit 1: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Formed elements in blood are called…

A

Cells (3 types)
Erythrocytes - red blood cells
Leukocytes - white blood cells
Thrombocytes - platelets

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2
Q

Blood plasma

A

Liquid portion of the blood that consists of water and dissolved substances such as gases, nutrients, waste products, regulatory substances and proteins

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3
Q

Ratio of formed elements (cells) to plasma

A

45% formed elements and 55% plasma

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4
Q

Define hematocrit

A

Measurement of the proportion of red blood cells in a whole blood sample (done through centrifuge)

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5
Q

Average hematocrit in males and females

A

Females - 38-48%

Males - 40-52% (do to testosterone levels that encourage erythrocyte production)

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6
Q

What can a centrifuge of blood tell a doctor about a patient?

A

Can show anemia, blood loss or polycythemia (too many red blood cells)

Low hematocrit = anemia or over hydration (30)
High hematocrit = dehydration or too many red blood cells or high altitudes (60)

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7
Q

Function of erythrocytes

A

To transport oxygen through a protein called hemoglobin

Aka red blood cells

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8
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Red blood cells or erythrocytes are created

In red bone marrow (takes about four days)

Do not have a nucleus and only circulate for 120 days

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9
Q

Evolution to erythrocytes

A
  1. Stem cell (hemocytoblasts)
  2. Proerythroblast
  3. Erythroblast
  4. Normoblast
  5. Reticulocyte
  6. Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
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10
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Hormone secreted by the kidney that stimulates red blood cell production

Low oxygen levels in the blood stimulates the release of this hormone

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11
Q

Other nutrients important for production of red blood cells

A

B-12, Folic acid, iron, enough calories and protein

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12
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Pigmented protein which consists of 4 polypeptide chains

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13
Q

Heme

A

On hemoglobin that has a complex carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen ring and an iron atom in the middle (important for red blood cell production)

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14
Q

Hemolysis

A

Rupturing or breakdown of the erythrocytes (recycles and either creates more erythrocytes or used for other functions in the body)

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15
Q

Where does red blood cell breakdown happen?

A

Spleen and liver

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16
Q

Non-iron part of heme is converted to this during red blood cell breakdown

A

Bilirubin

Then is secreted in bile and if not secreted properly it can build up and cause jaundice

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17
Q

Function of leukocytes (white blood cells)

A

Protect body from infections

Do have a nucleus unlike red blood cells

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18
Q

List five types of white blood cells

A
  • Neurtrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Monocytes (macrophages)
  • lymphocytes (b cells and t cells)
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19
Q

Neutrophils

A

Type of white blood cell that Helps protect against microorganisms

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20
Q

Eosinophils

A

Type of white blood cell for inflammation/allergic reaction and parasitic infections

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21
Q

Basophils

A

White blood cell Involved in allergic reactions

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22
Q

Monocytes

A

Large wandering white blood cells which phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris

(Macrophages - monocytes that have moved from blood to tissue)

23
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Recognize specific pathogens and toxins and can destroy cancer cels (immune response)

  • b cells- antibodies
  • t cells - attack specific pathogens
24
Q

Thrombin

A

An enzyme in blood plasma that causes clotting by converting fibrinogen to fibrin

(Prothrombin is converted to this)

25
Q

Hemostasis

A

Thrombocytes are involved in this process of blood clotting

Develop in red bone marrow, have no nucleus and only live a short period of time

26
Q

Four phases of hemostasis

A
  • Vasospasm
  • Platelet plug formation
  • blood clotting
  • clot retraction/dissolution
27
Q

Vasospasm

A
  • vascular spasm or constriction

- decreases blood flow to prevent too much blood loss

28
Q

Platelet plug formation

A

Accumulation of platelets on the damaged collagen of the blood vessel

29
Q

Blood clotting

A

Aka coagulation

  • network of protein fibers that trap blood cells and fluid to seal of the area that is affected
30
Q

Plasmin

A

An enzyme that breaks down the insoluble fibrin threads (dissolves clot)

31
Q

Thromboxane A2

A

Causes more platelets to attach

32
Q

Fibrin

A

The clot

Fibrinogen is concerted into fibrin

33
Q

Tissue thromboplastin

A

Tissue factor that triggers the activation of factor X (extrinsic pathway)

34
Q

Clotting factors

A

Made by the liver, circulates in plasma in inactive form

35
Q

Three major proteins in plasma

A
  • Albumin - maintains osmotic pressure
  • globulin - antibodies secreted by white blood cells
  • fibrinogen - involved in blood clotting
36
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A
  • generic condition where the hemoglobin has an abnormal configuration (sickle shape instead of biconcave)

Greater risk of lysis of cells

Causes weakness and fainting and enlarged spleen

37
Q

Anemia

A

Low number of circulating red blood cells or hemoglobin or both (can slow down coagulation process)

38
Q

Polycythemia

A

Excessive number of red blood cells

39
Q

Neutropenia

A

Low neutrophil numbers in white blood cell

Can be caused by marrow depression by a virus, drugs or radiation

40
Q

Leukemia

A

Increased white blood cells

41
Q

Albumin

A

Blood protein synthesized by the liver for transport and maintenance of osmotic pressure

42
Q

Globulins

A

Blood proteins for immune system

43
Q

The suffixes that mean deficiency and excess

A

Penia - low

Osis - excess

44
Q

Blood serum

A

Plasma minus fibrinogen or the liquid portion of clotted blood

45
Q

CBC

A

Complete blood count

A common test that measures levels of the three types of cells in blood

46
Q

Differential white blood count

A

Measure of the percentage of the different leukocytes in blood (to diagnose certain diseases)

47
Q

Neutrocytosis

A

High number of neutrophils Due to bacterial infection or acute inflammation

48
Q

Eosinopenia

A

Low eosinophils due to stress or corticosteroids administration

49
Q

Eosinocytosis

A

High eosinophils due to allergic reaction or Parasitic infection

50
Q

Causes of leukocytosis

A

Excess leukocytes

Caused by infections, injuries or arthritis, some kinds of leukemia…

51
Q

Causes of basopenia

A

Low basophils

Hyperthyroidism, infection, stress reaction…

52
Q

Causes of lymphocytosis

A

High lymphocytes

  • lymphocytic leukemia
  • hepatitis A, B, C
  • aids
  • hypothyroidism
53
Q

Define platelets

A

A small colorless disk shaped cell fragment that does not contain a nucleus and is involved in clotting

Anatomy/Physiology II (13 decks)

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