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Unit 1 AOS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Releases energy

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2
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

Building up of complex organic molecules from simpler substances

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3
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Uses energy from internal catabolic reactions or an external energy source such as sunlight

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4
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical processes or reactions that take place in an organism

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5
Q

Vitamins

A

Are a group of organic compounds that occur in small quantities of food.

They are essential for many chemical reactions in cells.

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6
Q

Minerals

A

Are inorganic ions required by both animals and plant cells.

Minerals play a role metabolic processes and are incorporated into many structures produced by cells.

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7
Q

Hydrophilic substances

A

Substances that dissolve in water

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8
Q

Hydrophobic substances

A

Are substances that tend to be insoluble in water

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9
Q

What are the three elements found in all organic compounds?

A

Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon

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10
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Breaking down of complex organic compounds to simpler substances

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11
Q

Diffusion

A

The gradual movement of particles from places where there are lots of them (high concentration) to places where there are less of them (low concentration)

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12
Q

Osmosis

A

Is the diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane

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13
Q

Isotonic

A

Refers to a solution having the same concentration of dissolved substances as the solution to which it is compared (isotonic is normal)

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14
Q

Hypotonic

A

Refers to a solution having lower concentration of dissolved substances than the solution to which it is compared

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15
Q

Hypertonic

A

Refers to a solution having higher concentration of dissolved substances than the solution to which it is compared

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16
Q

Turgid

A

State of a cell that is firm because of water uptake

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17
Q

Plasmolysed

A

The shrinking of protoplasm away from the cell wall due to water loss from osmosis, thereby resulting in gaps between the cell wall

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18
Q

Flaccid

A

A state of limpness of a cell because of water loss

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19
Q

Lyse

A

To induce lysis, or to cause dissolution or destruction of a cell membrane with lysin.

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20
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Passive transport of polar molecule in/out of cell via transport proteins found in plasma membrane.

No energy is used

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21
Q

Passive transport

A

Transport of molecules across the plasma membrane that does NOT require energy.

Molecules move down their concentration gradient (from high concentration to low concentration)

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22
Q

Active transport

A

Transport of molecules in/out of cells via transport proteins in the plasma membrane. REQUIRES ENERGY.

Molecules move against there concentration gradient (low concentration to high concentration)

23
Q

Exocytosis

A

Bulk transport of large molecules or particles OUT of the cell. REQUIRES ENERGY.
E.G. A vesicle may fuse with the membrane and expel its contents

24
Q

Endocytosis

A

Bulk transport of large molecules or particles INTO the cell. REQUIRES ENERGY.
E.G. the membrane will fold inward, trapping material from the outside

25
Pinocytosis
Endocytosis of FLUIDS into cells
26
Phagocytosis
Endocytosis of SOLIDS into cells
27
Photosynthesis
Is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy
28
Cellular respiration
Process of converting chemical energy of food into a form usable by cells, typically ATP
29
Mitosis
Process of nuclear division in which the replicated genetic material in the nucleus are separated and two nuclei are formed
30
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm and involves the separation of cytosol and the organelles
31
Volume formula
Length x Width x Height
32
Surface area formula
Area (Length x Width) x Number of sides
33
Rate of Surface area to volume ratio factors
The rate of exchange of substances depends on the organisms surface area in contact with the surroundings The requirements for materials depends on the volume, so the ability to meet the requirements depends on the SA:V ratio The smaller the SA= faster diffusion rate
34
How do large organisms survive (based on diffusion and size factors)
The large organisms survive as they are multicellular. Having lots of small cells instead of one big cell allows for a faster diffusion rate
35
General role of enzymes
They are vital for chemical reactions They generally speed up the reactions and act as biological catalysts Enzymes bind to specific molecules called substrate/s in a particular region called an active site.
36
Carbohydrates monomer/polymer
Monomer: glucose Polymer: starch, cellulose, glycogen
37
Protein monomer/polymer
Monomer: amino acid Polymer: polypeptide
38
Different lipids
=fats, waxes or oils Subunits: glycerol and fatty acids E.g. Triglycerides, phospholipids
39
Nucleic acid: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): where are they found/ monomer and polymer
-mainly located in chromosomes -also found in chromatin, plasmids, chloroplasts, mitochondria Monomer: Nucleotide Polymer: DNA
40
What does DNA consist of?
Deoxyribose sugar Phosphate part Nitrogen containing base
41
4 nitrogenous containing bases for DNA and pairs
Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine | Base pairs: A-T and C-G
42
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) monomer/ polymer
Monomer: nucleotide Polymer: RNA
43
What does RNA consist of?
Ribose sugar Phosphate part Nitrogen containing base
44
What are the nitrogenous bases for RNA
Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, cytosine
45
What are the three types of RNA and their functions
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): together with proteins, make ribosomes Messenger RNA (mRNA): carries genetic message to ribosomes where the message is translated into a protein Transfer RNA (tRNA): carry amino acids to ribosomes where they construct proteins
46
Stages of mitosis IPMAT
``` Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ```
47
Interphase
The nucleus is well defined and chromosomes are not visible. (It is during this phase that the nuclear DNA replicates)
48
Prophase
Double-stranded chromosomes held together at centromere become progressively more condensed and the nuclear membrane gradually disappears
49
Metaphase
The spindle forms in the cell and the fully condensed double-stranded chromosomes line up around the equator of the spindle
50
Anaphase
The centromere of each chromosome divides so that the single-stranded chromosomes of the pair migrate to opposite poles of the spindle
51
Telophase
A nuclear membrane forms around each of the two groups of separated chromosomes, and the chromosome progressively becomes less condensed
52
Structure of cell membrane
Two layers of phospholipids which are the main structural components of membranes
53
Function of cell membrane
Phospholipid bilayer prevents passage of most polar and I'll charged molecules. E.g. Impermeable to carbohydrates and ions Small molecules can easily pass through pores/gaps by diffusion Some proteins transport substances across the membrane-called transport/carrier proteins. Molecules transported include those that are not soluble in lipids or are too large to fit through pores/gaps in the bilayer

Biology (14 decks)

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