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Biology > Unit 1 AOS 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 AOS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Releases energy

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2
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

Building up of complex organic molecules from simpler substances

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3
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Uses energy from internal catabolic reactions or an external energy source such as sunlight

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4
Q

Metabolism

A

All the chemical processes or reactions that take place in an organism

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5
Q

Vitamins

A

Are a group of organic compounds that occur in small quantities of food.

They are essential for many chemical reactions in cells.

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6
Q

Minerals

A

Are inorganic ions required by both animals and plant cells.

Minerals play a role metabolic processes and are incorporated into many structures produced by cells.

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7
Q

Hydrophilic substances

A

Substances that dissolve in water

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8
Q

Hydrophobic substances

A

Are substances that tend to be insoluble in water

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9
Q

What are the three elements found in all organic compounds?

A

Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon

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10
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Breaking down of complex organic compounds to simpler substances

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11
Q

Diffusion

A

The gradual movement of particles from places where there are lots of them (high concentration) to places where there are less of them (low concentration)

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12
Q

Osmosis

A

Is the diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane

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13
Q

Isotonic

A

Refers to a solution having the same concentration of dissolved substances as the solution to which it is compared (isotonic is normal)

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14
Q

Hypotonic

A

Refers to a solution having lower concentration of dissolved substances than the solution to which it is compared

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15
Q

Hypertonic

A

Refers to a solution having higher concentration of dissolved substances than the solution to which it is compared

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16
Q

Turgid

A

State of a cell that is firm because of water uptake

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17
Q

Plasmolysed

A

The shrinking of protoplasm away from the cell wall due to water loss from osmosis, thereby resulting in gaps between the cell wall

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18
Q

Flaccid

A

A state of limpness of a cell because of water loss

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19
Q

Lyse

A

To induce lysis, or to cause dissolution or destruction of a cell membrane with lysin.

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20
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Passive transport of polar molecule in/out of cell via transport proteins found in plasma membrane.

No energy is used

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21
Q

Passive transport

A

Transport of molecules across the plasma membrane that does NOT require energy.

Molecules move down their concentration gradient (from high concentration to low concentration)

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22
Q

Active transport

A

Transport of molecules in/out of cells via transport proteins in the plasma membrane. REQUIRES ENERGY.

Molecules move against there concentration gradient (low concentration to high concentration)

23
Q

Exocytosis

A

Bulk transport of large molecules or particles OUT of the cell. REQUIRES ENERGY.
E.G. A vesicle may fuse with the membrane and expel its contents

24
Q

Endocytosis

A

Bulk transport of large molecules or particles INTO the cell. REQUIRES ENERGY.
E.G. the membrane will fold inward, trapping material from the outside

25
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Endocytosis of FLUIDS into cells

26
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Endocytosis of SOLIDS into cells

27
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy

28
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Process of converting chemical energy of food into a form usable by cells, typically ATP

29
Q

Mitosis

A

Process of nuclear division in which the replicated genetic material in the nucleus are separated and two nuclei are formed

30
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm and involves the separation of cytosol and the organelles

31
Q

Volume formula

A

Length x Width x Height

32
Q

Surface area formula

A

Area (Length x Width) x Number of sides

33
Q

Rate of Surface area to volume ratio factors

A

The rate of exchange of substances depends on the organisms surface area in contact with the surroundings

The requirements for materials depends on the volume, so the ability to meet the requirements depends on the SA:V ratio

The smaller the SA= faster diffusion rate

34
Q

How do large organisms survive (based on diffusion and size factors)

A

The large organisms survive as they are multicellular. Having lots of small cells instead of one big cell allows for a faster diffusion rate

35
Q

General role of enzymes

A

They are vital for chemical reactions

They generally speed up the reactions and act as biological catalysts

Enzymes bind to specific molecules called substrate/s in a particular region called an active site.

36
Q

Carbohydrates monomer/polymer

A

Monomer: glucose
Polymer: starch, cellulose, glycogen

37
Q

Protein monomer/polymer

A

Monomer: amino acid
Polymer: polypeptide

38
Q

Different lipids

A

=fats, waxes or oils
Subunits: glycerol and fatty acids
E.g. Triglycerides, phospholipids

39
Q

Nucleic acid: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): where are they found/ monomer and polymer

A

-mainly located in chromosomes
-also found in chromatin, plasmids, chloroplasts, mitochondria
Monomer: Nucleotide
Polymer: DNA

40
Q

What does DNA consist of?

A

Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate part
Nitrogen containing base

41
Q

4 nitrogenous containing bases for DNA and pairs

A

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

Base pairs: A-T and C-G

42
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) monomer/ polymer

A

Monomer: nucleotide
Polymer: RNA

43
Q

What does RNA consist of?

A

Ribose sugar
Phosphate part
Nitrogen containing base

44
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases for RNA

A

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, cytosine

45
Q

What are the three types of RNA and their functions

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): together with proteins, make ribosomes

Messenger RNA (mRNA): carries genetic message to ribosomes where the message is translated into a protein

Transfer RNA (tRNA): carry amino acids to ribosomes where they construct proteins

46
Q

Stages of mitosis IPMAT

A 
Interphase
Prophase 
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
47
Q

Interphase

A

The nucleus is well defined and chromosomes are not visible. (It is during this phase that the nuclear DNA replicates)

48
Q

Prophase

A

Double-stranded chromosomes held together at centromere become progressively more condensed and the nuclear membrane gradually disappears

49
Q

Metaphase

A

The spindle forms in the cell and the fully condensed double-stranded chromosomes line up around the equator of the spindle

50
Q

Anaphase

A

The centromere of each chromosome divides so that the single-stranded chromosomes of the pair migrate to opposite poles of the spindle

51
Q

Telophase

A

A nuclear membrane forms around each of the two groups of separated chromosomes, and the chromosome progressively becomes less condensed

52
Q

Structure of cell membrane

A

Two layers of phospholipids which are the main structural components of membranes

53
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer prevents passage of most polar and I’ll charged molecules. E.g. Impermeable to carbohydrates and ions

Small molecules can easily pass through pores/gaps by diffusion

Some proteins transport substances across the membrane-called transport/carrier proteins. Molecules transported include those that are not soluble in lipids or are too large to fit through pores/gaps in the bilayer

Biology (14 decks)

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