Uneven Distribution of Electron Density and Intermolecular Attractions

Question 1

Pure covalent bond

Answer 1

shared electrons have an equal probability of being near each nucleus

Question 2

Polar covalent bond

Answer 2

bonding electrons are attracted by one atom more than the other atom

Question 3

Bond dipole moment

Answer 3

unequal distribution of electron density on 2 bonded atoms; can be estimated by electronegativity differences

Question 4

Dipole-dipole attractions

Answer 4

attractive electrostatic force between polar molecules

Question 5

Molecular polarity

Answer 5

Polarity of the molecule, depends on size of bond dipoles and shape of molecule

Question 6

How to determine molecular dipole moment

Answer 6

polarity of bonds, molecular asymmetry, 3D molecular geometry, lone pairs

Question 7

Carbonyl group

Answer 7

a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom

Question 8

Aldehyde

Answer 8

carbonyl group carbon is also bonded to an oxygen

Question 9

ketone

Answer 9

consists solely of the carbonyl group

Question 10

Ether

Answer 10

contains the group -O- which bonds to 2 different R groups and is in the middle of a molecule

Question 11

Ester

Answer 11

contains a carbonyl group with a second oxygen atom single bonded to the carbonyl carbon and also single bonded to another carbon (distinct functional group)

Question 12

Alcohol

Answer 12

contains a hydroxyl group covalently bonded to a carbon atom

Question 13

Primary alcohol

Answer 13

1 alkyl group attached

Question 14

Secondary alcohol

Answer 14

2 alkyl groups attached

Question 15

Tertiary alcohol

Answer 15

3 alkyl groups attached

Question 16

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 16

the interaction between and X-H covalent bond and the lone pair on an electron rich atom (only between F, N, O)

Question 17

Criteria of hydrogen bonding

Answer 17

must be lone pairs that can be bonded with on either F, O, or N; hydrogen atom shared by 2 atoms and forms a very polar covalent bond

Question 18

Carboxylic acid

Answer 18

COOH, has a hydroxyl group linked to a carbonyl carbon atom, found at one end of a molecule

Question 19

Why are carboxylic acid molecules acidic?

Answer 19

the OH bond can break relatively easily to form COO- and H+

Question 20

Features of molecules containing carboxylic acid

Answer 20

polar, can form H bonds, acidity enhances O-H hydrogen bond

Question 21

Amide

Answer 21

contains a nitrogen atom connected to the carbon atom of a carbonyl group

Question 22

Amine

Answer 22

derivative of ammonia that contains one or more carbon-nitrogen bonds

Question 23

1st degree/primary amine

Answer 23

1 C-N bond

Question 24

2nd degree/secondary amine

Answer 24

2 C-N bond

Question 25

3rd degree/tertiary amine

Answer 25

3 C-N bond

Question 26

Characteristics of amines

Answer 26

basic due to the lone pair on the nitrogen, 1st and 2nd degree can form H bonds