Understanding Self + Others Flashcards
When does self-awareness emerge
18-24 months
How does self-awareness first present itself
- Toddlers look at photos and notice themselves more than others
- Refer to themselves with pronouns (my, mine, etc.)
self concept
our idea of self, constructed from our own beliefs + responses of others.
self concept in preschoolers
Self identifies based on:
- physical traits
- preferences
- competencies
- personal possessions
Self concept in school age children
Self-identifies based on
- emotion
- group membership
- social comparisons
self-concept in adolescents
self-identifies based on
- personality traits
- attitudes + values
- future goals + plans
- depends on setting
Which of Erikson’s phases are adolescents in
Identity vs. identity confusion
what are the components of identity vs. identity confusion
- adolescent egocentrism
- imaginary audience
- personal fable
- illusion of invulnerability
adolescent egocentrism
wrongly believing that we are the focus of other people’s thinking/attention
imaginary audience
think peers are constantly watching our behaviour
personal fable
feeling that our feelings/experiences are unique
illusion of invulnerability
“it won’t happen to me”
What does identity status depend on
level of commitment and level of exploration
low commitment + low exploration
diffusion
diffusion
overwhelmed by task of achieving identity + does little to achieve one.
low exploration + high commitment
foreclosure
foreclosure
identity determined by adults rather than personal exploration
low commitment + high exploration
moratorium
moratorium
exploration of alternatives is in process
high exploration + high commitment
achievement
achievement
exploration complete, identity has been chosen
when are diffusion and foreclosure most common
adolescence
when are moratorium and achievement more common
adulthood
Ethnic identity
the feeling that one is a part of an ethnic group, and understands their customs/traditions.
what are the 3 stages of developing an ethnic identity
- lack of interest/exploration
- becoming curious
- achieving distinct ethnic self-concept
what is the best way to arm children to deal with discrimination
teach them about it before they experience it
what are the benefits of a strong ethnic identity
- higher self-esteem
- more satisfying social relationships
- less affected by discrimination
when do conflicts between parents and children arise in relation to ethnic identity
if the child is more acculturated than the parent
acculturation
process of integrating into and adopting customs of a different culture
multiracial identity is complex because of
social messages about race and cultural belonging
why do individuals ask multiracial people where they’re from
human beings are hardwired to categorize everything that they see.
What causes the storm and stress associated with adolescence
increased autonomy can cause frictions with parents
who is distressed more by parent-child conflict
parents
generally, how do adolescents feel about their parents
- love parents/embrace parents values
- look to them for advice
how many adolescents experience depression
1/5
what are some depression risk factors
- genetics/low levels of neurotransmitters
- stressful life circumstances
- seeing oneself in a negative life
what can parents do to reduce depression in teens
- teach about depression
- talk/listen/ask questions
- connect them to resources
self-esteem
evaluation of one’s own self-worth
what age does self esteem emerge
age 5
what 4 domains affect self esteem in kids
- scholastic competence
- athletic competence
- social competence
- physical appearance
what 3 new domains affect self esteem in adolescents
- job competence
- close friendships
- romantic appeal
which domain affects self esteem the most
physical appearance
which age group has highest self esteem and why
preschoolers, they’re egocentric
what happens to self esteem in elementary school
drops and then stablizes
what happens to self esteem in high school
drops temporarily and then stabilizes
why does self esteem drop in elementary school
they start to make social comparisons
how is self esteem different cross-culturally and why
NA/European kids have higher self esteem than Asian
- more emphasis on modesty in asia,
- less comparison socially
- less willingness to admit to weakness in canada
what are the 2 sources of self esteem in kids
- competencies in areas they care about
2. perception of how others view us (parents, etc.)
sociometric theory
we judge ourselves based off relationships with others
How to promote self esteem in kids
- provide warmth/affection/support
- offer appropriate praise
- set expectations, be willing to discuss rules/discipline
- encourage to find talents/show interest in progress
what is appropriate praise
praising effort not abilities
why is overpraising bad
it can make children shy away from challenge
narcissist
- inflated self-perception
- prone to depression/aggression
- feel entitled/less committed to others
when do kids have rose coloured glasses towards others until
age 10
what are the 5 phases of perspective-taking (Selman)
3-6: undifferentiated 4-9: social-informational 7-12: self-reflective 10-15: third person 14+: societal
prejudice
a negative view of others based on group membership
what age can prejudice develop
2 years
what happens to prejudice in childhood
declines
what happens to prejudice in adulthood
increases
what can parents do about prejudice
- encourage contact between groups
- pursuing shared goals
- role-playing/reflecting
- educating about racism
