moral understanding + behaviour

Question 1

what two facets of morality do infants possess

Answer 1

moral goodness and moral evaluation

Question 2

moral goodness

Answer 2

concerned when others are upset

Question 3

moral evaluation

Answer 3

favour people who display good moral actions

Question 4

self control

Answer 4

ability to control one’s behaviour and inhibit impulsive responses to temptations.

Question 5

self control at age 1

Answer 5

aware that others pose limits on their behaviour

Question 6

self control at age 2

Answer 6

capable of some self-control in parents’ absence

Question 7

self control at age 3

Answer 7

capable of self-regulation/devise strategies to control their own behaviour

Question 8

strategies for helping kids resist temptation

Answer 8

1. reminders to avoid looking at tempting object
2. reminders of rules against touching object
3. activities designed to divert attention away from object

Question 9

what is the effect of parental discipline that involves strict rules with little discussion

Answer 9

children’s self control is lower

Question 10

inductive reasoning

Answer 10

inducing children to reason and think for themselves about the situation

Question 11

what are the 3 components of inductive reasoning

Answer 11

1. remind of clear behavioural standard that was set
2. explain disappointment
3. suggest ways to resist similar temptations in the future

Question 12

what are piaget’s 3 stages of moral development

Answer 12

1. premoral (2-4 years)
2. moral realism (5-7 years)
3. moral relativism (8-10 years)

Question 13

premoral development

Answer 13

not yet developed moral sensibility

Question 14

moral realism development

Answer 14

morality imposed from external sources.

Question 15

imminent justice

Answer 15

idea that breaking a rule always is followed by a punishment

Question 16

moral relativism

Answer 16

understand that rules are created to help people get along, and there is no absolute right/wrong

Question 17

critiques of piaget’s stages of moral development

Answer 17

kids don’t always consider adult authority as absolute

Question 18

contributions of piaget’s stages of moral development

Answer 18

moral reasoning advances through stages

Question 19

what are the stages of Kohlberg’s moral development divided into and what influences their moral standing

Answer 19

• pre-conventional - external forces
• conventional - social norms
• post-conventional - personal/moral principles

Question 20

what are the stages of Kohlberg’s pre-conventional level

Answer 20

stage 1 - obedience orientation: do what adults say

stage 2 - instrumental orientation: people look out for their own needs

Question 21

what are the stages of Kohlberg’s conventional level

Answer 21

stage 3 - interpersonal norms: being good so others see you being good
stage 4 - social system morality: maintaining social order is necessary

Question 22

what are the stages of Kohlberg’s post-conventional level

Answer 22

stage 5 - social contract orientation: if social contract rules no longer promote wellbeing they are invalid
stage 6 - universal ethical principles

Question 23

what are the strengths of Kohlberg’s theory

Answer 23

• supported by research
• virtually no individuals skip stages
• people do not regress to a lower-level

Question 24

what are the weaknesses of Kohlberg’s theory

Answer 24

• lack of cross-cultural referencing

- moral reasoning is not as consistent as theory suggests

Question 25

how do canada/china differ in regard to lying

Answer 25

• canada uses polite lies to benefit the individual

- china uses polite lies to benefit the group

Question 26

prosocial behaviour

Answer 26

actions that benefit others

Question 27

altruism

Answer 27

prosocial behaviour that helps another with no expectation of direct benefit to helper

Question 28

biological predisposition of prosocial behaviour

Answer 28

toddler’s sympathetic nervous systems are triggered when they see someone else in distress

Question 29

what skills are needed for pro-social behaviour

Answer 29

1. perspective-taking
2. empathy
3. moral reasoning

Question 30

what are the situational influences on prosocial behaviour

Answer 30

• feeling of responsibility
• feeling of competence
• mood
• cost of altruism

Question 31

nature vs. nurture

Answer 31

-oxytocin hormone influences nurturance/empathy/cooperation

Question 32

how does socialization affect prosocial behaviour

Answer 32

• modelling
• disciplinary practices
• opportunities to behave prosocially