moral understanding + behaviour Flashcards
what two facets of morality do infants possess
moral goodness and moral evaluation
moral goodness
concerned when others are upset
moral evaluation
favour people who display good moral actions
self control
ability to control one’s behaviour and inhibit impulsive responses to temptations.
self control at age 1
aware that others pose limits on their behaviour
self control at age 2
capable of some self-control in parents’ absence
self control at age 3
capable of self-regulation/devise strategies to control their own behaviour
strategies for helping kids resist temptation
- reminders to avoid looking at tempting object
- reminders of rules against touching object
- activities designed to divert attention away from object
what is the effect of parental discipline that involves strict rules with little discussion
children’s self control is lower
inductive reasoning
inducing children to reason and think for themselves about the situation
what are the 3 components of inductive reasoning
- remind of clear behavioural standard that was set
- explain disappointment
- suggest ways to resist similar temptations in the future
what are piaget’s 3 stages of moral development
- premoral (2-4 years)
- moral realism (5-7 years)
- moral relativism (8-10 years)
premoral development
not yet developed moral sensibility
moral realism development
morality imposed from external sources.
imminent justice
idea that breaking a rule always is followed by a punishment
moral relativism
understand that rules are created to help people get along, and there is no absolute right/wrong
critiques of piaget’s stages of moral development
kids don’t always consider adult authority as absolute
contributions of piaget’s stages of moral development
moral reasoning advances through stages
what are the stages of Kohlberg’s moral development divided into and what influences their moral standing
- pre-conventional - external forces
- conventional - social norms
- post-conventional - personal/moral principles
what are the stages of Kohlberg’s pre-conventional level
stage 1 - obedience orientation: do what adults say
stage 2 - instrumental orientation: people look out for their own needs
what are the stages of Kohlberg’s conventional level
stage 3 - interpersonal norms: being good so others see you being good
stage 4 - social system morality: maintaining social order is necessary
what are the stages of Kohlberg’s post-conventional level
stage 5 - social contract orientation: if social contract rules no longer promote wellbeing they are invalid
stage 6 - universal ethical principles
what are the strengths of Kohlberg’s theory
- supported by research
- virtually no individuals skip stages
- people do not regress to a lower-level
what are the weaknesses of Kohlberg’s theory
- lack of cross-cultural referencing
- moral reasoning is not as consistent as theory suggests
how do canada/china differ in regard to lying
- canada uses polite lies to benefit the individual
- china uses polite lies to benefit the group
prosocial behaviour
actions that benefit others
altruism
prosocial behaviour that helps another with no expectation of direct benefit to helper
biological predisposition of prosocial behaviour
toddler’s sympathetic nervous systems are triggered when they see someone else in distress
what skills are needed for pro-social behaviour
- perspective-taking
- empathy
- moral reasoning
what are the situational influences on prosocial behaviour
- feeling of responsibility
- feeling of competence
- mood
- cost of altruism
nature vs. nurture
-oxytocin hormone influences nurturance/empathy/cooperation
how does socialization affect prosocial behaviour
- modelling
- disciplinary practices
- opportunities to behave prosocially
