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FMST > Language and Communication > Flashcards

Language and Communication Flashcards

1
Q

What is language

A

system that relates sounds/gestures to meaning

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2
Q

What are the elements of language

A
  • Phonology
  • Morphology
  • Semantics
  • Syntax
  • Pragmatics
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3
Q

What do you call the sounds of language

A

Phonology

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4
Q

What do you call the rules of meaning within language

A

morphology

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5
Q

What do you call the study of words and their meanings

A

Semantics

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6
Q

What do you call the rules for effective communication (intonation, etc.)

A

Pragmantics

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7
Q

What are the steps to speech

A
  1. Recognizing phonemes
  2. Recognizing reoccuring patterns of speech/sounds
  3. Producing language-based sounds
  4. Producing first words
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8
Q

What are phonemes

A
  • Unique sounds that can be joined to make words (syllables)

- Unique to different languages

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9
Q

Which words are easier to learn

A

Words that:

  • They hear often
  • Are content words (nouns/verbs)
  • Beginning/end of sentences
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10
Q

What is infant-directed speech

A

Speaking slowly with exaggerated changes in pitch/loudness

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11
Q

What are the two language-based sounds infants produce

A
  • Cooing (vowel sounds)

- Babbling (consonant + vowel)

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12
Q

What do you call the pattern of rising and falling in speech

A

intonation

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13
Q

What are words

A

symbols that represent other entities

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14
Q

How many children are born deaf

A

1/1000, 10% to deaf parents

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15
Q

Why do babies learn ASL faster than spoken language

A

motor skills develop quicker than oral skills

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16
Q

What is naming explosion

A
  • 18 months
  • learns 10+ words per week
  • coincides w rapid cognitive growth
17
Q

What is fast-mapping

A

Connecting words + meaning so quickly that you can’t consider all possible meanings

18
Q

What are the two types of fast-mapping

A
  • Underextension: defining a word too narrowly

- Overextension: defining a word too broadly (all things with wheels are cars)

19
Q

What is phonological memory

A

Remembering speech sounds/nonsense words

-related to size of vocab.

20
Q

What are the two styles of language-learning

A
  • Referential: words that name objects/people/actions (intellectual tool)
  • Expressive: social phrases (social tool)
21
Q

What is telegraphic speech (1.5 years)

A

simple expressions (eat now, hit ball)

22
Q

What age do you develop grammatical morphemes and sentences of 3+ words

A

2 years

23
Q

What is a grammatical morpheme

A

words, end of words that make a sentence grammaticak

-ing, -ed, etc.

24
Q

What is over-regularization

A

Applying incorrect grammatical morphemes

25
Q

What is the #1 factor for predicting word-learning

A

how much parents talk to children

26
Q

Why does the word gap exist

A

Stressed low-income parents often don’t have the time or energy to talk to their children enough.

27
Q

How do behaviourists say children acquire grammar

A

through imitation + reinforcement

28
Q

How do children acquire grammar (cognitive answer)

A

searching for reoccurring patterns

-s means plural

29
Q

How do children acquire grammar (social-interaction answer)

A

through interaction with adults where both parties want improved communication

30
Q

How do behaviourists say children acquire grammar (nativist answer)

A

inborn mechanisms allow children to infer grammatical rules from the native language.

31
Q

What is the semantic bootstrapping theory (nativist answer)

A

children are born knowing the difference between nouns/verbs

32
Q

What is the critical period for learning grammar

A

(0-12 years)

33
Q

How to encourage word learning

A
  1. talk to children often
  2. naming objects together
  3. reading w them
  4. don’t complete their sentences
  5. encourage to go beyond minimal use of language
  6. make language fun.
34
Q

Encourage effective communication

A
  1. take turns speaking/listening
  2. constructing clear messages
  3. become good listeners
35
Q

What are allophones

A

people in canada who speak a language other than english/french

36
Q

Why is it good for children to be bilingual

A

they have better cognitive control

37
Q

What is cognitive control

A
  • Ability to switch tasks
  • More likely to understand words that are arbitrary symbols.
  • Greater cognitive reserve
38
Q

What is the cognitive reserve

A

slower decline of cognitive control later in life

FMST (9 decks)

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