Gender Development Flashcards
sex
biological stats (male/female/intersex)
intersex
having a combo of male/female biological sex traits
gender
cultural meanings attached to being masculine/feminine
gender binary
the idea that everyone is one of the two genders
gender identity
the internal perception of one’s gender
what does gender identity consist of
- name
- pronoun
- clothing/hair
- behaviour
- body characteristics
cisgender
gender identity matches sex assigned at birth
transgender
gender identity differs from sex assigned at birth
gender non-conforming
non-traditional gender presentation/not binary
gender fluid
may not identify with fixed gender, gender identity may fluctuate
Gender roles
patterns of behaviour that are socially appropriate for individuals of a given sex
what are the two types of gender roles
instrumental and expressive
instrumental gender traits
task oriented (assertiveness, leadership, self-reliance)
expressive gender traits
social/emotional skills (warmth, compassion, etc.)
androgynous
possesses both instrumental and expressive gender traits
gender stereotypes at 18 months
girls look longer at pictures of dolls, boys look longer at pictures of trucks
gender stereotypes at 2 years
recognize gendered activities
gender stereotypes at 5 years
recognizes gendered traits/behaviours
what two things influence gender expression
age/socioeconomic status
gender diff in verbal ability
girls have greater vocab/more talkative
why are girls more talkative
- mothers talk more to girls
- teachers expect girls to read better
gender diff in memory
girls remember objects/locations/faces more accurately and provide more detailed/emotional accounts of the past
mental rotation
ability to imagine how object will look after it is moved in space
spatial memory
ability to remember the position of objects in environment
gender diff in spatial ability
boys have greater mental rotation and spatial memory
why do boys have better spatial ability
- more likely to participate in activities that use this skill
- parents challenge boys more in this area
how does SES affect spatial ability gender differences
lower SES children don’t have differences in spatial ability due to gender
why is spatial ability not affected by gender in lower SES kids
they have less choice of which toys to play with/which activities to do.
gender diff math ability
- girls score better in math in elementary
- in highschool performance is equal
what affects a girls’ ability to succeed in math as well as boys?
encouragement/support from teachers
gender diff in personality/social behaviour
- girls are more emotional
- boys have more anger/aggression
how do parents affect gender development
- tolerate more aggressive behaviour from boys
- more physical with boys
- fathers treat boys/girls more differently than mothers
how do teachers affect gender development
-call on/scold boys more
teaching girls about gender discrimination does what
makes them more motivated to overcome it
how do peers affect gender developement
- enforce gender rules
- punish boys more than girls for violating gender rules
how does television/media affect gender development
watching more TV is linked to more gender-stereotyped views
