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Biology Module 2 > Ultrastructure of a cell 2.1.1 (g,h,i,j,k) > Flashcards

Ultrastructure of a cell 2.1.1 (g,h,i,j,k) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two types of cell?

A

prokaryotic
eukaryotic

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2
Q

where do cell reactions take place?

A

the cytoplasm

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3
Q

what is an organelle?

A

membrane-bound compartments

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4
Q

function of a membrane?

A

controls the movement of substances in and out of a cell and organelles

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5
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

contains the genetic information in the form of DNA

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6
Q

what is the double membrane in a nucleus?

A

the nuclear envelope

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7
Q

what allows molecules to move in and out of the nucleus?

A

nuclear pores in the envelope

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8
Q

what is chromatin?

A

the complex of DNA wound in histone proteins

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9
Q

what happens when chromatin coils and condenses?

A

chromosomes form
visible during division

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10
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A

area WITHIN the nucleus where ribosomes are produced

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11
Q

what is the mitochondria?

A

site of cellular respiration

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12
Q

structures in the mitochondria

A

cristae
matrix
inner membrane
outer membrane
DNA

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13
Q

what is the cristae?

A

the folding of the inner membrane

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14
Q

what is the matrix?

A

the fluid in the mitochondria

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15
Q

why does mitochondria have DNA?

A

allows it to reproduce and produce enzymes

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16
Q

what are vesicles?

A

membraneous sacs used for storage and transport

single membraned

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17
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

specialised vesicles which contain hydrolytic enzymes used to break down waste materials

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18
Q

what is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • maintain shape and stability
  • control cell and organelle movement
  • hold organelles in place
  • allow the cell to move
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19
Q

what is the cytoskeleton made up of?

A

microfilaments
microtubules
intermediate fibres

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20
Q

what do microtubules do?

A

allow for the movement of cells and organelles

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21
Q

what are spindle fibres made up of?

A

microtubules

22
Q

what do microfilaments do?

A

allow for the movement of cells

23
Q

what do intermediate fibres do?

A

provide mechanical strength to cells

24
Q

what are centrioles for?

A

composed of microtubules
used for the separation of chromosomes

NOT FOUND IN PLANTS

25
Q

what are flagella for?

A

cell mobility

26
Q

what is the formation of microtubules like in cilia and flagella?

ONLY IN EUKARYOTES

A

9 + 2

27
Q

what are cilia for?

A

acts as sensors for cells

allow for adjacent cells to move
- found in trachea to help waft away mucus from lungs

28
Q

what is secretion?

A

transport OUT of a cell

29
Q

what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

site of lipid synthesis

30
Q

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

site of protein synthesis and transport

31
Q

are ribosomes membrane bound?

A

NO

32
Q

where are ribosomes found?

A

in the cytoplasm
attached to the RER

33
Q

what is the golgi complex?

A

site where proteins are modified and packaged into secretory vesicles

34
Q

outline protein synthesis

A

mRNA leaves the nucleus at nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope

mRNA is translated into a protein at the ribosomes found at the RER

the RER packs the protein into a transport vesicle

transport vesicle carried by the cytoskeleton to the golgi complex

protein is modified and packaged into a transport vesicle which then undergoes exocytosis and fuses with the cell surface membrane and is expelled

35
Q

what is a cell wall?

A

gives a cell it’s shape and rigidity

maintains the turgor pressure in a plant cell

protects plant cells from pathogens

36
Q

what is a vacuole for?

A

membrane sacs which contain sap

important in maintaining turgor pressure

37
Q

what is the membrane in a vacuole?

A

the tonoplast

38
Q

what are chloroplasts?

A

sites of photosynthesis in plant cells

39
Q

structures of a chloroplast?

A

stroma
grana
thylakoid
inner membrane
outer membrane
lamellae
DNA
ribosomes

40
Q

what is the stroma?

A

the fluid enclosed in the chloroplast

41
Q

what are the grana?

A

stacks of thylakoids

42
Q

what are lamellae?

A

they link the grana together

43
Q

DNA in a eukaryote

A

double helix

44
Q

what size ribosomes in eukaryotes?

A

80S
larger

45
Q

what size ribosomes in prokaryotes?

A

70S
smaller

46
Q

cell wall in prokaryotes are made up of?

A

peptidoglycan

47
Q

structures in a prokaryote

A

DNA
flagella
ribosomes
plasma membrane
cell wall
plasmid

48
Q

eukaryote vs prokaryote size

A

eukaryotes are larger

49
Q

eukaryote vs prokaryote DNA

A

eukaryotes have linear DNA
prokaryotes have circular DNA

50
Q

eukaryote vs prokaryote ribosomes

A

eukaryotes have larger 80S
prokaryotes have smaller 70S

Biology Module 2 (30 decks)

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