Ultrastructure of a cell 2.1.1 (g,h,i,j,k)

Question 1

what are the two types of cell?

Answer 1

prokaryotic
eukaryotic

Question 2

where do cell reactions take place?

Answer 2

the cytoplasm

Question 3

what is an organelle?

Answer 3

membrane-bound compartments

Question 4

function of a membrane?

Answer 4

controls the movement of substances in and out of a cell and organelles

Question 5

what is the nucleus?

Answer 5

contains the genetic information in the form of DNA

Question 6

what is the double membrane in a nucleus?

Answer 6

the nuclear envelope

Question 7

what allows molecules to move in and out of the nucleus?

Answer 7

nuclear pores in the envelope

Question 8

what is chromatin?

Answer 8

the complex of DNA wound in histone proteins

Question 9

what happens when chromatin coils and condenses?

Answer 9

chromosomes form
visible during division

Question 10

what is the nucleolus?

Answer 10

area WITHIN the nucleus where ribosomes are produced

Question 11

what is the mitochondria?

Answer 11

site of cellular respiration

Question 12

structures in the mitochondria

Answer 12

cristae
matrix
inner membrane
outer membrane
DNA

Question 13

what is the cristae?

Answer 13

the folding of the inner membrane

Question 14

what is the matrix?

Answer 14

the fluid in the mitochondria

Question 15

why does mitochondria have DNA?

Answer 15

allows it to reproduce and produce enzymes

Question 16

what are vesicles?

Answer 16

membraneous sacs used for storage and transport

single membraned

Question 17

what are lysosomes?

Answer 17

specialised vesicles which contain hydrolytic enzymes used to break down waste materials

Question 18

what is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 18

• maintain shape and stability
• control cell and organelle movement
• hold organelles in place
• allow the cell to move

Question 19

what is the cytoskeleton made up of?

Answer 19

microfilaments
microtubules
intermediate fibres

Question 20

what do microtubules do?

Answer 20

allow for the movement of cells and organelles

Question 21

what are spindle fibres made up of?

Answer 21

microtubules

Question 22

what do microfilaments do?

Answer 22

allow for the movement of cells

Question 23

what do intermediate fibres do?

Answer 23

provide mechanical strength to cells

Question 24

what are centrioles for?

Answer 24

composed of microtubules
used for the separation of chromosomes

NOT FOUND IN PLANTS

Question 25

what are flagella for?

Answer 25

cell mobility

Question 26

what is the formation of microtubules like in cilia and flagella? ONLY IN EUKARYOTES

Answer 26

9 + 2

Question 27

what are cilia for?

Answer 27

acts as sensors for cells allow for adjacent cells to move - found in trachea to help waft away mucus from lungs

Question 28

what is secretion?

Answer 28

transport OUT of a cell

Question 29

what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 29

site of lipid synthesis

Question 30

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 30

site of protein synthesis and transport

Question 31

are ribosomes membrane bound?

Answer 31

NO

Question 32

where are ribosomes found?

Answer 32

in the cytoplasm attached to the RER

Question 33

what is the golgi complex?

Answer 33

site where proteins are modified and packaged into secretory vesicles

Question 34

outline protein synthesis

Answer 34

mRNA leaves the nucleus at nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope mRNA is translated into a protein at the ribosomes found at the RER the RER packs the protein into a transport vesicle transport vesicle carried by the cytoskeleton to the golgi complex protein is modified and packaged into a transport vesicle which then undergoes exocytosis and fuses with the cell surface membrane and is expelled

Question 35

what is a cell wall?

Answer 35

gives a cell it's shape and rigidity maintains the turgor pressure in a plant cell protects plant cells from pathogens

Question 36

what is a vacuole for?

Answer 36

membrane sacs which contain sap important in maintaining turgor pressure

Question 37

what is the membrane in a vacuole?

Answer 37

the tonoplast

Question 38

what are chloroplasts?

Answer 38

sites of photosynthesis in plant cells

Question 39

structures of a chloroplast?

Answer 39

stroma grana thylakoid inner membrane outer membrane lamellae DNA ribosomes

Question 40

what is the stroma?

Answer 40

the fluid enclosed in the chloroplast

Question 41

what are the grana?

Answer 41

stacks of thylakoids

Question 42

what are lamellae?

Answer 42

they link the grana together

Question 43

DNA in a eukaryote

Answer 43

double helix

Question 44

what size ribosomes in eukaryotes?

Answer 44

80S larger

Question 45

what size ribosomes in prokaryotes?

Answer 45

70S smaller

Question 46

cell wall in prokaryotes are made up of?

Answer 46

peptidoglycan

Question 47

structures in a prokaryote

Answer 47

DNA flagella ribosomes plasma membrane cell wall plasmid

Question 48

eukaryote vs prokaryote size

Answer 48

eukaryotes are larger

Question 49

eukaryote vs prokaryote DNA

Answer 49

eukaryotes have linear DNA prokaryotes have circular DNA

Question 50

eukaryote vs prokaryote ribosomes

Answer 50

eukaryotes have larger 80S prokaryotes have smaller 70S