Specialised cells 2.1.6 (h,i) Flashcards
what is the level of organisation on multicellular organisms?
specialised cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism
examples of specialised animal cells?
erythrocyte
neutrophil
sperm cell
erythrocyte
flattened biconcave disc shape
increases the SA:V ratio
no nucleus or organelles
maximises storage of Hb
flexible and one cell thick
can fit through narrow capillaries
neutrophils
multi-lobed nucleus
allows it to squeeze through small gaps
packed with lysosomes
contain lots of enzymes to attack pathogens
lots of mitochondria and golgi
loads of ribosomes
sperm cell
has a flagella
allows for movement to swim
lots of mitochondria
to provide energy for movement
head contains acrosome
digestive enzyme which allows it to penetrate the egg surface
example of specialised plant cells?
palisade cells
root hair cells
guard cells
palisade cells
contain lots of chloroplast
absorbs large amounts of light
thin cell walls
short diffusion distance
has a large vacuole
maintains turgor pressure
root hair cells
have long extension hairs
increases the SA
thin cellulose wall
short diffusion distance
vacuole containing ions and sugars
provides a low water potential to allow for water to move in by osmosis
guard cells
have stomata
allow for CO2 to enter
guard cell wall is thicker on inner side
ensures shape of guard cell does not change
what is a tissue?
a group of specialised cells which work together for a specific function
example of specialised animal tissues
squamous epithelium
ciliated epithelium
cartilage
muscle
squamous epithelium
made up of squamous epithelial cells
is one cell thick
short diffusion distance
ciliated epithelium
made up of ciliated epithelial cells
have cilia
which allow for mucus to be wafted away from the lungs
have goblet cells
secrete mucus to trap dust and bacteria
cartilage
connective tissue
made up of elastin and collagen
firm and flexible
what are the types of animal tissue?
nervous
epithelial
muscle
connective
nervous tissue
adapted to support the transmission of electrical impulses
epithelial tissue
adapted to cover body surfaces
muscle tissue
adapted to contract
connective tissue
adapted to hold other tissue together
what are the types of plant tissue?
epidermis
vascular
epidermis
adapted to cover plant surfaces
vascular
adapted to transport water and nutrients
examples of specialised plant tissue
epidermis
xylem
phloem
epidermis
covers the surface of plants
has a waxy cuticle
reduces the loss of water
has stomata
to allow for gaseous exchange
xylem
transports water and minerals
composed of elongated dead cells
walls strengthened by lignin
provides structural support for plants
phloem
transports assimilates
composed of sieve tube cells
separated by sieve plates
are perforated
what is an organ?
a collection of tissues which work together for a specific function
what is an organ system?
a collection of organs which work together for a specific function
examples of organ systems in animals
digestive system
cardiovascular system
gaseous exchange system
