Enzyme action 2.1.4 (a,b,c) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are enzymes?

A

biological catalysts

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2
Q

what are the properties of enzymes?

A

globular proteins with a specific 3D shape

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3
Q

what do enzymes do?

A

lower the activation energy needed for a substrate to react

allows substrates to react at a faster rate

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4
Q

what are anabolic reactions?

A

reactions which are required for growth

catalysed by enzymes

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5
Q

what are catabolic reactions?

A

reactions which are required for breaking down

catalysed by enzymes

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6
Q

what effects enzyme activity?

A

temperature
pH
pressure

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7
Q

what is the Vmax?

A

the maximum rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction

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8
Q

how does a reaction work?

A

molecules collide with each other at the right energy level for it to be a successful collision

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9
Q

what is the activation energy?

A

the energy required for a reaction to start

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10
Q

why do enzymes lower the activation energy?

A

they bind to reacting molecules to help them collide successfully

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11
Q

what are the two hypotheses for enzyme action?

A

lock and key hypothesis
induced-fit hypothesis

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12
Q

outline the lock and key hypothesis

A

the tertiary structure of an enzyme produces a shape which is complimentary to a specific substrate molecule - called the active site

the specific substrate binds to the active site to form an enzyme-substrate complex

the substrates then react and the products formed form an enzyme-product complex

the products leave and the enzyme is able to take another substrate

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13
Q

what is the active site?

A

area of a protein which has a shape similar to the substrate

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14
Q

outline the induced-fit hypothesis

A

the active site of an enzyme changes shape when it interacts with a substrate

the interactions lead to a change in the enzyme’s tertiary structure which increases the binding and puts further strain on the substrate

this leads to the bonds being weakened and thus lowering the activation energy

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15
Q

what are the two types of enzyme?

A

intracellular
extracellular

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16
Q

what are intracellular enzymes?

A

enzymes which work within a cell

17
Q

example of intracellular enzymes?

A

catalase

18
Q

what does catalase do?

A

breaks down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water

prevents it’s toxic accumulation

19
Q

what are extracellular enzymes?

A

enzymes which work outside of a cell

20
Q

why are extracellular enzymes important?

A

large polymers need to be broken down into smaller groups before they can enter a cell

21
Q

examples of extracellular enzymes?

A

amylase
trypsin

both used in digestion

22
Q

what is trypsin?

A

it is a protease which breaks down proteins into smaller peptides which are later broken down into amino acid

23
Q

where is trypsin released from?

A

the pancreas

24
Q

how is starch digested?

A

amylase breaks starch into maltose

maltase breaks maltose into glucose which is then absorbed into the blood stream