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Geography > UK evolving Landscapes EQ 1 > Flashcards

UK evolving Landscapes EQ 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name a past process involved in shaping the UK’s upland landscape for geology

A

As tropical fish died, the skeletons fell and crushed those beneath eventually squeezing out water and compacting them into rock

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2
Q

Name a past process involved in shaping the UK’s upland landscape for glaciation

A

Altering river valley, making the valley deep and widening it into a u-shaped valley

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3
Q

Name a past process involved in shaping the UK’s upland landscape for tectonic processes

A

Convection currents beneath the plate uplifted rocks from below the sea

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4
Q

What is Igneous rock?

A

Liquid magma rises from the earths mantle to the crust before solidifying. Igneous rock is mainly formed of crystals.

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5
Q

What is Sedimentary rock?

A

Small particles are eroded, transported and deposited into compressed layers of rock from the remains of plants and animals

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6
Q

What is Metamorphic rock

A

Pre-existing rock which has been changed under extreme heat and pressure, it gets compressed into layers or bands of crystals.

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7
Q

Weathering processes of upland landscapes

A

Freeze thaw weathering occurs in upland to create scree. Each winter, when rainwater gets into the cracks in the rocks and due to cold temperatures at night the water freezes and expands by 10%. Over the course of years the amount of rock that break into scree increases.

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8
Q

Slope processes of upland landscape

A

Scree fragments can often be unstable and can cause rockfalls which may disrupt walkers. Landslides are also common because of the heavy rainfall, the rain adds to the weight of weathered rocks so it slides easily.

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9
Q

Post glacial river processes of an a Upland landscape

A

Misfits flow at the bottom of much larger valleys and deposit silt and mud in the valley bottoms, making them fertile. They slowly erode the bottom of the valley.

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10
Q

Weathering processes of a lowland landscape

A

As Southern England is warmed than the Lake District, different types of of weathering occur: chemical and biological weathering. Chemical weathering is that chalk is calcium carbonate, an alkali, meaning it gets affected by solution. Biological weathering is when the trees and shrubs roots break up solid rock

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11
Q

Slope processes of a lowland landscape

A

Slower than in the Lake District; the most common is soil creep. It’s caused by rain dislodging soil particles

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12
Q

How has human agriculture activity helped create distinctive UK landscapes?

A

°Limestone in the valley were used to build huts for farming in 8th and 9th century - kept sheep warm
°Boulder rocks cleared out of bottom of valleys to help farmers
°In winter, sheep kept in valley bottom but in summer they graze up the upland fells

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13
Q

How has human forestry activity helped create distinctive UK landscapes

A

°Deliberate planting of forests have been grown to create rural areas - such as Ae in Scotland
°Trees have been cut down - less than 12% of the UK’s trees remain - to make way for large farmlands

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14
Q

How have settlements helped create distinctive UK landscapes

A

°Settlements in woodland areas were needed after WW1 to create jobs
°Forests were planted and the commission built houses to attract workers
°Boulder rocks at the bottom of valleys (left by glaciers) were cleared to construct walls an buildings (to help farmers)

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15
Q

What are three main ways that past tectonic process have shaped the UK landscape?

A

Active volcanoes - UK used to much closer to plate boundary
Plate collisions - caused rocks to fold and create mountain ranges in upland areas, intense heat and pressure caused by plate collisions formed hard metamorphic rocks
Plate movements - long ago UK was in tropics and slightly underwater but plate movement has moved UK north and lower sea levels has raised parts of UK

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of granite?

A

Very resistant
Lots of joints - wear down quicker
Impermeable - creating moorlands (waterlogged land with acidic soil)

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of Slate and Schist?

A

Slate forms in layers creating weak planes in rock
Slate is very hard and resistant
Schist has bigger crystals than slate
Both are impermeable

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of carboniferous limestone?

A

Rainwater slowly eats it away

Permeable

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of chalk and clay?

A

Chalk is harder than clay
Forms hills
Chalk is permeable
Clay is very soft

20
Q

How have human activities had an effect on agriculture on the coast?

A

Low economic value so left unprotected so sea will erode cliff quicker
Vegetation stabilises cliff top by binding soil together
Marshland is reclaimed and drained reducing natural flood barrier

21
Q

How has human activity had an effect on development on the coast?

A

Coastal areas are popular places so they are developed
Popular coasts will have coastal defences to protect local homes and businesses
This changes the transportation and deposition of material hence narrowing the beach

22
Q

How has human activity affected industry on the coast?

A

Coastal quarries expose large areas of rock making them vulnerable to weathering
Gravel extracted from beaches increase risk of erosion as there is less material to protect coast
Port development has reduced salt marshes hence reducing natural flood barrier

23
Q

How has human activity had an effect on coastal management on the coast?

A

Management strategies alter sediment movement which can increase risk of erosion
Coastal defences also reduce erosion

24
Q

Name a UK coast which has one of the highest rates of erosion.

A

Holderness, East Yorkshire

25
Q

How is climate change increasing the risk of coastal flooding

A

Rising sea levels - higher tides remove sediment from beach to increase risk to coastline
Storm frequency - give sea more erosional power

26
Q

What are the threats to people through coastal flooding?

A

Low lying areas could inhabitable of they’re permanently flooded
Industries maybe shut down
Risk to infrastructure eg. Roads and railways
Reduce tourism

27
Q

What are the threats to the environment from coastal flooding?

A

Affects ecosystems
Water can uproot trees and plants
Conservation areas are threatened

28
Q

Name 2 hard engineering coastal defences

A

Sea wall and groynes

29
Q

What are the benefits and costs of hard engineering coastal defences?

A

Sea wall - prevents erosion of coast, very expensive to build and maintain
Groynes - give wider beaches to give greater protection, starve beaches of sediment further down coast increasing their risk of erosion

30
Q

Name 2 soft engineering coastal defences

A

Beach replenishment, slope stabilisation

31
Q

What are the benefits and costs of soft engineering coastal defences?

A

Beach replenishment - gives greater protection by widening beaches, very expensive
Slope stabilisation - prevents mass movement, very expensive and hard to install

32
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

A

Breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composition. Salt weathering is when sea water gets into rocks through cracks. The water evaporates, leaving salt crystal which put pressure on rock. Repeated evaporation leads to rock breaking up.

33
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

Breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition. Eg. Carbonation weathering - sea/rain water contain CO2 making them weak carbonic acids which can react with some rocks to break them down

34
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

The breakdown of rock by living things. Eg. Plant roots

35
Q

What are the different types of mass movement?

A

Slides - material shifts in straight line
Slumps - material shifts with a rotation
Rockfalls - material breaks up and falls down slope

36
Q

What is hydraulic power?

A

Waves crash against rock and compress air in cracks. Putting pressure on rocks. Repeated compression widen s the cracks and makes buts of rock break off

37
Q

Waves wear away the coast using what processes of erosion?

A

Hydraulic Power, Abrasion, Attrition

38
Q

What are the different types of coastlines?

A

Concordant and Discordant

39
Q

What erosional landforms occur on discordant coastlines?

A

Headlands and bays

40
Q

How does the UK’s climate impact coastal erosion and retreat?

A

Colder temperatures in winter makes storms more frequent meaning mire destructive waves eroding on the coastline.

41
Q

Why do destructive waves wear away the coast?

A

High, steep, high frequency, backwash is stronger than swash meaning more sediment is taken away from the coastline.

42
Q

How do waves cause the formation of wave cut platforms?

A

Waves erode bottom of cliff. Forming wave cut notch which only enlarges with more erosion. Rock above notch eventually collapses. Collapsed material is washed away and new wave cut notch begins to form. Repeated collapsing results in cliff retreating, leaving a wave cut platform behind.

43
Q

How are headlands eroded to form stacks?

A

Hydraulic power and abrasion enlarge cracks in headland through waves. Repeated erosion eventually causes cave to form. Continued erosion deepens cave until it breaks through headland forming an arch. Continued erosion wears away arch causing it to collapse leaving a stack

44
Q

How does transportation occur along the coast?

A

Waves follow direction of prevailing wind. Swash carries material up the beach at an angle. Backwash then carries material down beach at right angle. Over time, material zig zags along coast

45
Q

How are spits formed?

A

Form at sharp bends in coastline eg. River mouth. Longshore drift transport sand and shingle past bend and deposits it in sea. Strong winds and waves curve end of spit. Sheltered area behind spit is protected - Material accumulates in this area - plants can grow. Over time, becomes mud flat or salt marsh.

46
Q

How are bars formed?

A

Bars are formed when a spit joins two headlands together. Bar cuts off bay between headlands from sea. Causing the lagoon to form

47
Q

How do constructive waves deposit material?

A

Constructive waves low, long, low frequency, swash is stronger than backwash so more material is deposited than taken away

Geography (24 decks)

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