UK challenges 3 Flashcards
what is the estimated size of the population in the UK in 50 years ?
the population is estimated to be larger
what is the estimates age structure of the population in the UK in 50 years ?
- more young working people due to migration of younger people who move to the UK for work
- increased number of older people as heath care continues to improve
how will population change impact the resource consumption ?
as population increases the demand for resources increases meaning more resources will be exploited
how has the population pressure food production impacted the UK ecosystems ? 2
- growing population increases pressure on food production
- increase agribusiness so farming will expand which could reduce natural habitats
what are the strategies to address the population pressure of food production ? 3
- increase farm sizes
- increase use of chemical fertilisers
- use new technology
how has the population pressure housing impacted the UK ecosystems ? 3
- growing population mean more housing is needed
- use of greenbelt land destroys open space and effects habitats
- housing may also be built on floodplain increasing flood risk
what are the strategies to address the population pressure of housing ? 2
- building at higher densities using brownfield sites for new homes
- managing river catchment areas to reduce the risk and impacts of flooding
how has the population pressure water impacted the UK ecosystems ? 1
increased population will create increased demand for water will put pressure on local water systems due to increased consumption and water treatment
what are the strategies to address the population pressure of water ? 2
- finding new water sources and reducing water wastage and leaks to boost domestic water sources
- new water transfer schemes to move water from areas of surplus to areas of deficit
how has the population pressure greenhouse gas emissions impacted the UK ecosystems ? 2
- population increase will increase GHG emissions as the use of fossil fuels will increase
- could lead to further increases in climate change unless sustainable energy sources are used
what are the strategies to address the population pressure of greenhouse gas emissions ? 2
- choosing alternative sustainable energy sources to meet increased demand
- increase energy conservation to reduce consumption
what are the different types of sustainable transport schemes ? 6
- improving public transport
- cycle routes
- bike hire schemes
- car-sharing schemes
- zero emission vehicles
- park and rides
how does improving public transport work ?
- use of buses, trains and trams encourages people to leave their cars at home so less fuel per head
- bus priority lanes stop buses being held up making them more attractive than driving reducing congest on roads and pollution
why is improving public transport sustainable ?
- reduces pollution
- reduces contributing to GHG emissions
what are the possible limitations of improving public transport ?
people may not live near public transport access routes
why are cycles routes sustainable ?
- encourages people to use bikes instead of cars for shorter distances
- reduces GHG emissions and pollution
how do bike hire schemes work ?
- cities have bike hire schemes
- started with Santander (Boris bikes) in London in 2010
- used for over 20,000 journeys per day
- reduces congestion and pollution and keeps people fit
what are the possible limitations of cycle routes ?
people who are travelling longer journeys cannot use them
how does car-sharing schemes work ?
- run by many authorities
- commuters are encouraged to car share journeys to and from work
- some towns and cities there are carpool lanes so can only be used by cars with 2 or more occupants
- car clubs where a group of people own a car and then use it
why are car-sharing schemes sustainable ?
- reduced congestion
- reduced parking problems
- reduces greenhouse gas emissions
- reduces pollution
what are the possible limitations of bike hire schemes ?
- only been introduced into larger cities so people who live in smaller cities cannot use them
- smaller cities don’t have the benefits of the bike hire schemes
why are zero-emission vehicles sustainable ?
- reduce CO2 emission by around 20 600 tonnes
- improves air quality
how do park and rides work ?
many cities have P&R on the outskirts which reduces cars in the city centres eg Oxford and Salisbury
what are the possible limitations of car-sharing schemes ?
- more inconvenient
- requires planning
what are the possible limitations of zero-emission vehicles ?
people may not want to buy a new car
what are the possible limitations of park and rides ?
large areas of land are taken up by car parks made for p&R
what is two-speed economy ?
refers to the idea that economic growth within the UK is not uniform across the whole country
what are the impacts of two-speed economy ?
- more people are committing or moving to capital cities in south east
- reduces locally available workforce and does not encourage other businesses to invest in that area
- there are good access routes in London and the south east which makes living there more desirable
- people who live further north have less well-pad job opportunities which makes it less desirable to someone to work there
- northern areas suffering lower and slower economic growth
what can be done to reduce the economic gap between the north and south of the UK ?
- expand well-paid businesses into areas further north to encourage people to move there bringing in more money to the northern areas
- government have agreed devolution measures, which gives additional power and money to councils in the north
what is a Greenfield site ?
area of land that has not been built upon before
what is a greenfield site ?
area of land that has not been built upon before
what is a brownfield site ?
area of land has been built upon before and can be regenerated for new construction
what are the advantages of a greenfield site ? 2
- relatively cheap and rates of house building is faster
- layout is not hampered by previous development so can easily be made efficient and pleasant
what are the disadvantages of a greenfield site ? 3
- valuable farm or recreational land that has lost the wildlife and their habitats
- there is lots of pollution and noise
- mostly far from work and services so makes more traffic
what are the advantages of a brownfield site ? 3
- reduce loss of countryside and land that might be put to agricultural and recreational use
- revive old and disused urban area
- major services such as water, electricity, gas and sewage are already in place near main areas of employment so committing is reduced
what are the disadvantages of a brownfield site ?
- more expensive because old buildings have to be cleared of pollutants
- sometimes surrounded by rundown areas so do not always appeal to more wealth people
- higher levels of pollution making it less wealthy
what is an emigrant ?
person who leaves their country to settle permanently in another
what is a migrant ?
person who moves from one place to another especially in order to find work or better living conditions
what is an immigrant ?
person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country
what is migration like in the UK ?
- since 1990’s immigration > emigration
- as EU has expanded from European countries
- refuges have also come to UK fleeing war in countries
- most migrants are in 25-44 age group they come for work
- London has highest number of foreign-born people living there at 37.2%
- Northern Ireland has the lowest at 1.5%
where do we get our migration statistics from ?
foreign office
why might the statistics of migration not always be available ?
- do not include everyone entering a country for example travellers on holiday or business trips
- some people enter illegally and some don’t have travel papers
- aren’t always counted correctly
what are employers opinions on migration ?
- immigration increases workers who help the economy to grow and pay their taxes
- the bring in useful skill
what are job seekers opinions on migration ?
some believe that migrants take their jobs and use the social benefits system in the UK
what is the governments opinions on migration ?
- immigration increases workers who help the economy to grow and pay their taxes
- the bring in useful skill
- some believe migration is food for improving the multicultural aspects of our society
- some feel that migrations puts pressure on local services such as health, school places and housing.
- some are against the ida of economic migrants to the UK because they take jobs from British and use the UK’s social benefits system
