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changing cities 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is urbanisation ?

A

the increase in number of people living in towns and cities compared to the number of people living in the countryside

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2
Q

how has urbanisation changed over the past 50 years in developed countries ? (3)

A
  • developed countries have continues to increase their urban areas but at a slower rate
  • due to pull of cities which often provides better facilities than rural areas, especially for younger generations
  • more jobs available in urban areas encourages migration from rural areas
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3
Q

how has urbanisation changed over the past 50 years in emerging/developing countries ? (2)

A
  • countries have seen per cent increase in people living in urban areas
  • main reasons for this growth in urban population is the increase in population growth
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4
Q

what causes urbanisation ? 3

A
  • improved employment opportunities
  • better education and health facilities
  • younger generations tend to migrate which raises the birth rate and population of urban areas
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5
Q

why has urbanisation happened at different rates in developed, emerging/developing countries ?

A

due to the stage of development of countries

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6
Q

what has been the impacts of urbanisation in different types of countries ? 2

A
  • overcrowded cities - cities in many developed countries are not coping with the vast amounts of people how wish to live there
  • education - there are not enough places in schools in some urban areas this leads to overcrowding
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7
Q

where are the urbanised areas in the UK ? 3

A
  • generally higher in the south and lower in the north
  • London has the highest population density with over 5000 people/km(squared)
  • the major cities in the Uk are London, Manchester and Bristol with over 3000 people/km(squared)
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8
Q

what is the site of Cardiff ?

A
  • original site of Cardiff grew up at mouth of the River Taff on the Severn Estuary
  • Cardiff is built on reclaimed marshland
  • boarded - west by the rural district of the Vale of Glamorgan, east by the city of Newport, north by the South Wales Valleys and south by the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel
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9
Q

what is the site of Cardiff ? 5

A
  • original site of Cardiff grew up at mouth of the River Taff on the Severn Estuary
  • Cardiff is built on reclaimed marshland
  • boarded - west by the rural district of the Vale of Glamorgan, east by the city of Newport, north by the South Wales Valleys and south by the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel
  • River Taff winds through the centre of the city and together with the River Ely flows into the freshwater lake of Cardiff Bay
  • third river the Rhymney flows to east of the city entering directly into the Severn Estuary
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10
Q

what is the situation of Cardiff ? 4

A
  • capital and largest city in Wales
  • centre of Cardiff is relatively flat and is bounded by hills on the outskirts to the east, north and west
  • geographic features were influential in its development
  • has the world’s largest coal port and its proximity and easy access to the coal fields of the South Wales valleys
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11
Q

what is the connectivity of Cardiff ? 8

A
  • has a port called the Cardiff docks
  • largest dock systems in the world at its peak
  • main port for import and export of South Wales coal
  • port of Cardiff remains active in import and export containers, steel and other bulky goods
  • roads and rail links with rest of UK
  • London is just over 2 hours by road and rail connected by M4
  • indirect and direct, national and international flights from Cardiff airport
  • number of important settlements around Cardiff - Swansea 40 miles to west, Newport 15 miles to eat and Bristol 45 miles to east across Severn Bridge
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12
Q

how has the city of Cardiff changed over time ?

A

the docks have been refurbished to look nicer and attract more tourists and therefore money and industry

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13
Q

why do people migrate to Cardiff ?

A
  • for jobs working in the docks
  • result of push factors
  • lack of jobs
  • higher wages
  • better services
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14
Q

how has migration affected the Ethnicity ?

A

Somalians have migrated into Cardiff and created a range in ethnic views and religions

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15
Q

how has migration affected the age structure ?

A

most of the people who live in Cardiff are in the working age sector because the migrants are coming over to work in Cardiff and then send money back to their families

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16
Q

how has migration affected the housing ?

A

migration has increased the population numbers so there is an increased demand on housing

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17
Q

how has migration affected the services ?

A

increased in demand for services

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18
Q

how is population changing the age categories ?

A

there are more younger people in Cardiff city because more people are working because there are more jobs

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19
Q

why is population changing the age categories ?

A

more people are living in Cardiff who are of the child bearing age so there are more younger people because more people are having children

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20
Q

how has economic change caused more inequality ?

A
  • majority of deprivation in south
  • in south people are less likely to have a job, lower life expectancy, poor health care, poor education and a bad quality of housing
  • areas that have the most deprivation suffer social problems like poor health care, bad community safety and more child poverty
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21
Q

how has economic change caused more differences in the quality of life ?

A

in the south you have a worse quality of life in areas

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22
Q

in retail how has a growth of out of town shopping impacted the city ?

A
  • land on the outskirts was very cheap in comparison to the land in the city centre which led to the development of out of town shopping centres
  • this created an increase in profit on the outskirts of the city centre and decreased the money going into the CBD
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23
Q

in retail how has an increase in internet shopping impacted the city ?

A
  • 2015 internet sales increase 16.2% in a year and accounted for 15.2% of all retail sales in the UK
  • in store sales dropped by 1.4%
  • 24 hour ‘armchair’ shopping with special discounts
  • ‘click and collect’ service so people can reserve their goods and collect at their convenience
  • means more money is going into the specific companies rather than being able to help the centre of the city
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24
Q

how are recycling schemes being used to sustainably improve the quality of life ? 5

A
  • separate weekly kerbside collections of food waste and recycling
  • Cardiff’s overall recycling re-use and composting rate rose from 39% in 2009 to 52% in 2013
  • aim to recycle 100% of waste by 2050
  • 17 bring sites which are local drop off point located around the city to enable residents to recycle household items such as mixed recycling
  • Cardiff Airport creates 1 tonne of food waste per week in January 2015 an A900 Rocket Composter was installed and now food water is collected from the airport and taken to the composter. Mixed with wastes it creates a product which is used to improve the soil around the entrance to the airport
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25
Q

how are transport schemes being used to sustainably improve the quality of life ? 4

A
  • only allowed to car share in certain areas to reduce connection and reduces fuel and parking costs
  • have regular trains from Cardiff to London and other cities so people don’t cars
  • Cardiff is flat so easily navigated and there are lots of cycling paths
  • Cardiff runs an extensive bus route throughout the city
26
Q

how are health and wellbeing schemes being used to sustainably improve the quality of life ? 3

A
  • cut back on fat - reduce the amount of fat you ear and know what to and what not to eat
  • walk for life - why walking is beneficial and advice for where to walk
  • 5 a day - benefits of eating 5 a day
27
Q

how is community service being used to sustainably improve the quality of life ?

A

help clear rubbish from streets to make them more appealing to walk on and attract tourists and bring in income

28
Q

what is the site of Sao Paulo ? 4

A
  • it is built 820m above sea level
  • it is 70km inland from the coast
  • it is divided in two by the Anhangabau rive which flows under it
  • the river Tiete flows through the city
29
Q

what is the situation of Sao Paulo ? 5

A
  • located in south east Brazil 70km inland from the antarctic coast
  • 350km west of rio de Janeiro
  • it is 1000 km south of the capital of Brasilia
  • it is on the plateau to the north east of the coastal range of mountains called Sierra do mar
  • the main port Santos is 70 km to the south east
30
Q

what is the connectivity of Sao Paulo ? 4

A
  • connected to Brazil by many roads and railways
  • there is a motorway and railway which links to the city and the port to transport goods
  • 2 airports 1 international
  • buses and bikes
31
Q

what are the main features of the CBD in Cardiff ? 6

A
  • commercial centre
  • mainly shops and offices
  • few people live here
  • high land values
  • most accessible area
  • congested and busy
32
Q

what are the main features of the inner city of Cardiff ? 6

A
  • area surrounding CBD
  • twilight/transition zone
  • developed in 19th century
  • high density terraced housing
  • an area of decline/change
  • inner city redevelopment
33
Q

what are the main features of the suburbs in Cardiff ? 4

A
  • grew due to:
    - increasing car ownership
    - demand for better quality environment
  • 1930’s housing
  • mainly semi-detached with gardens
  • tree-lined streets
34
Q

what are the main features of the outer suburbs of Cardiff ? 5

A
  • modern detached and semi-detached
  • mainly privately owned
  • with gardens, garages and off-street parking
  • some outer city council estates
  • on the rural-urban fringe
35
Q

what are the main features of the rural-urban fringe in Sao Paulo ?

A
  • residential:

- favelas and gates communities

36
Q

what is the building age of the CBD in Sao Paulo ?

A
  • many constructed in nineteenth century

- rapid industrialisation in twentieth century

37
Q

what is the building age of the inner city in Sao Paulo ?

A

nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

38
Q

what is the building age of the suburbs in Sao Paulo ?

A

twentieth century developments

39
Q

what is the building age of the urban-rural fringe in Sao Paulo ?

A
  • first development of favelas in 1980’s

- since 2000’s development of gated communities

40
Q

how has a natural increase in Sao Paulo caused population change ?

A

increase of birth rate and decrease of death rate so the population is increasing

41
Q

how has national migration in Sao Paulo causes population change ?

A

rural to urban migration, migrants were attracted by the fast growth of the city this migration growth has decreases over the years

42
Q

how has national migration in Sao Paulo causes population change ?

A

rural to urban migration, migrants were attracted by the fast growth of the city this migration growth has decreases over the years so there is a larger population of people closer to the CBD

43
Q

how has international migration in Sao Paulo causes population change ?

A

international migration because they were attracted by the fast economic growth and national migration because they were moving for better jobs increasing the population numbers

44
Q

how has economic investment in Sao Paulo causes population change ?

A

fast growing economic growth making Sao Paulo more attractive to come and work in increasing the population

45
Q

why are people migrating to Sao Paulo ?

A

for the

46
Q

why are people migrating to Sao Paulo ?

A

for the fast growing economic growth with improving health care and more jobs

47
Q

what is the ethnicity like of the population in Sao Paulo ?

A
  • diverse ethnic culture due to people moving there from all over the world
  • 1/5th of the population in Sao Paulo are of foreign origin
48
Q

what is the age structure of the population in Sao Paulo ?

A

mostly people of the working age because of the improve jobs in Sao Paulo

49
Q

why is there an increasing inequality in Sao Paulo ?

A

deindustrialisation has been happening since the 1980’s causing a bigger gap between the rich and the poor in the city

50
Q

what are the differences in the quality of life in Sao Paulo between Morumbi and Paraisópolis ? 5

A 
life expectancy M - 74
life expectancy P - 71
income R$ (Braziliain real) M - 2262 
income R$ (Braziliain real) P - 469
% unemployment M - 6
% unemployment P - 8
% poor M - 1
% poor P - 8
HDI M - 0.93
HDI P - 0.78
51
Q

what are the differences in the quality of life in Sao Paulo between Morumbi and Paraisópolis ? 5

A 
life expectancy M - 74
life expectancy P - 71
income R$ (Brazilian real) M - 2262 
income R$ (Brazilian real) P - 469
% unemployment M - 6
% unemployment P - 8
% poor M - 1
% poor P - 8
HDI M - 0.93
HDI P - 0.78
52
Q

how has rapid urbanisation caused squatter settlements in Sao Paulo ? 2

A
  • rich and poor in Sao Paulo live next to each other separated by walls and other security measures
  • centre of Sao Paulo is taken over by poor and older homes and factories have been turned into Cortiços where families share one room with no electricity or plumbing
53
Q

how has rapid urbanisation caused under employment in Sao Paulo ?

A
  • unemployment rate is at its highest for many years and many immigrants are very poor and have no job
  • a lot of competition for jobs which means lower wages
54
Q

how has rapid urbanisation caused under employment in Sao Paulo ?

A
  • unemployment rate is at its highest for many years and many immigrants are very poor and have no job
  • a lot of competition for jobs which means lower wages
55
Q

how has rapid urbanisation caused pollution in Sao Paulo ?

A
  • created more industries and factories and therefore created more pollution
  • more people living in Sao Paulo has lead to an increased amount of cars which are also causing pollution
56
Q

how has rapid urbanisation caused inadequate services in Sao Paulo ?

A

increase in population means that they are not enough adequate services for the amount of people living there

57
Q

what are the problems they are tackling using the top down management in Sao Paulo ?

A

to solve Sao Paulo’s problems and improving the quality of life of its people

58
Q

how good are the top down management schemes they are using in Sao Paulo ?

A

ADVANATGES
- had clean water and proper sanitation
- people don’t have to leave the area they know
- leisure areas were included in the developments
DISADVANTAGES
- owners have never paid rent so can’t afford it
- favelas were demolished
- no provision for small businesses
- living space is very small

59
Q

what bottom up management are they using to improve the quality of life in Sao Paulo ?

A
  • Self help scheme in Monte Azul
  • money provides by the governments or chairs to help improve their homes
  • became a policy in Sao Paulo from 2000 onwards
  • favelas have been upgraded and community health projects and literacy courses are available
60
Q

what are the problems they are tackling using the bottom up management in Sao Paulo ?

A

to solve Sao Paulo’s problems and improving the quality of life of its people

61
Q

how good are the bottom up management schemes they are using in Sao Paulo ?

A

ADVANTAGES
- community are included in the decisions that are made
- housing in the areas will be the same type of housing but it will be more sustainable and have services
- improvements are mot just housing but help further with improving the quality of life of people living there
DISADVANTAGES
- scheme takes a long time to be instigated
- many different people involved it is hard to get agreement on how the money available should be spent
- it is difficult to get the people to accept help with the literacy programmes

Geography (20 decks)

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