global development 2 Flashcards
what is development ?
an improvement in the quality of life for the population of a country
how is human development affected by social factors ?
affects:
- quality of health
- education
- hosing conditions
- access to services
how is human development affected by economic factors ?
affects:
- country’s wealth
- growth of the economy
- jobs and employment
- trade
how is human development affected by political factors ?
affects:
- stable governments
- investments
- infrastructure
- government politics
how is human development affected by technological factors ?
affects:
- more machines are used by society both in the work of the environment such as on farms
- building of factories in a domestic situation
how is human development affected by cultural factors ?
affects:
- quality for women
- race realtions
- work-life balance
- social integration
how is human development affected by food security ?
country moves towards either being able to produce its own food or have the means to trade for food
how is human development affected by water security ?
majority of its population have fresh water piped to their homes
what is GDP ?
the value of goods and services produced within a country in a year
how does GDP measure development ?
shows the average level of wealth per person in that country in US$
what does GDP stand for ?
gross domestic product
what does HDI stand for ?
human development index
what is HDI ?
three indicators that measure a country’s level of social and economic development
how does HDI measure development ?
it measures a country’s level of social and economic development using three indicators:
- life expectancy
- standard of living (wealth)
- literacy rate (education)
how does political corruption show development ?
grades countries from ‘highly corrupt’ to ‘very clean’ showing the levels of development in a country
how do measures of inequality measure development ?
shows how equal people are within the country or between countries and can be measure by looking at the levels of wealth or health care of people
which category are the countries with the highest levels of GDP per capita ?
MDC’s
which category are the countries with the lowest levels of GDP per capita ?
LDC’s
what are some examples of countries with high levels of GDP ?
USA
UK
Australia
US $50000
what are some examples of countries with low levels of GDP ?
India
Africa
less than US$10000
how and why is global development affected by physical factors ?
- relief - flatter ground is more desirable
- climate - better climates make more desirable
- natural resources - more resources makes more desirable
- position - if it is close to places that they can easily trade makes it more desirable
how and why is global development affected by historic factors ?
- politics - where the seat of governments are seated can make it more or less desirable
- colonies - supplies food to the country which owned them
- trade - countries with good trading partners or counters trade routes developed quicker than some countries
how and why is global development affected by economic factors ?
- infrastructure - roads, railways and facilities like electricity developed countries have good infrastructure
- foreign investment - help a country develop because it brings money into a country
- world trade - developing countries sell primary products to developed countries
which areas of the UK are more developed ?
areas in the south
which areas of the UK are less developed ?
areas in the north west
what physical factors affect the development of places in the UK ? 4
- relief - south is flatter so urban areas can be easily built north and west are more mountainous urban areas and communications routes are harder to build
- climate - south and east have better climate than the rest of the country with less rainfall so more pleasant to live
- natural resources - Midlands, North and South Wales started developing due to finding natural resources (mining coal)
- position - south and east are closer to communication links to Europe makes companies want to locate there
what economic factors affect the development of places in the UK ?
- infrastructure - in London is best in country all roads lead to London companies located there to trade with rest of country easily
- foreign investment - into UK is in London although government has tried to encourage foreign firms to invest elsewhere like Honda in Swindon
what historical factors affect the development of places in the UK ?
- politics - seat of government is in southeast made it more desirable location for businesses due to finding out decisions quicker
- colonies - ships sailed for the colonies from ports on west however all decisions were made in London in east of country
what is international aid ?
transfer of resources by the governments from one country to another
what is government aid and what are the two types ?
aid given by governments from different countries
- multilateral
- bilateral
what is multilateral aid ?
aid that is given by a number of countries and organisations
what is bilateral aid ?
aid from one country to another
what is short term aid ?
aid that provides support for a short time sometimes where there is an immediate need
what is long term aid ?
aid that provides support over a long period of time to make changes that last
what is tied aid ?
foreign aid that must be used in the donor country to buy goods and service from the country giving the aid
what is food aid ?
edible commodities donated to needy populations
what is non-government aid ?
independent charitable organisations that provides aid
what are top down developmental projects ? 3
- development on a large scale
- initiated and run by the government of a country
- government borrows money from organisations
- large scale scheme to benefit the whole country
what are the advantages of top down developmental projects ? 4
- will develop more quickly
- run by government likely to achieve development objectives
- only way to raise the capital due to size of project
- way of helping large urban populations of a country but at expense of rural areas
what are the disadvantages (limitations) of top down developmental projects ? 4
- country will go into debt and some debts have never been paid off and end that the project is too expensive to maintain
- debt may have conditions country may be under external influences for many years
- building work is done by machines or foreign companies so local jobs aren’t created
- local people have no say in what happens so in cases they have lost land
what are bottom up developmental projects ? 4
- development on a small scale
- planned and controlled by local communities
- locals fund the schemes themselves
- helped by aid groups
what are the advantages of bottom up developmental projects ? 2
- run by local people likely to achieve its development objectives
- schemes use appropriate technology and end product is usually cheap
what are the disadvantages (limitations) of bottom up developmental projects ? 2
- country will develop more slowly due to size of project
- does not help majority of population who live in urban areas
where is India in the world ?
- in the Northern Hemisphere
- located in the continent of Asia
- it is one of the largest countries in the world
what is the regional culture like in India ?
- over 80% of India’s population are Hindi
- other religions in India include Islam, Sikhism and Buddhism
what is the global culture like in India ?
- third largest Muslim population in the world
- India’s film industry Bollywood makes 1600 films a year seen by 2.7 billion people
what are the regional politics like in India ?
- largest country in the Indian subcontinent
- most of India’s population live in the 6 states
what are the global politics like in India ?
- second most populated country in the world 1.3 billion people in 2015
- it is the 7th largest country in terms of area
what are the main 6 states of India where most of the population live ?
Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh West Bengal Bihar Andhra Pradesh Uttar Pradesh
what is India’s environment like ? 4
- it has a variety of contrasting physical environments
- climate varies from tropical in the south to temperate and alpine in the north
- it has a monsoonal climate, the wind blows from the north-east during the cooler dryer winter months and then it blows from the south west during the hotter wetter summer months
- monsoon rainfall is vital for water supply and farming but it results in flooding
what are core regions of India ?
- reich and usually urban areas of a country
- well connected and have the majority of services, businesses and people generating wealth
- big businesses, industries and government have their headquarters
- majority of people live here and have services and goods
what is a core region ?
- reich and usually urban areas of a country
- well connected and have the majority of services, businesses and people generating wealth
- big businesses, industries and government have their headquarters
- majority of people live here and have services and goods
what are the names of some core religions of India ?
Maharashtra state: with cities - Mumbai - Pune - Nagpur
what is a Periphery region ?
periphery regions are poor and remote rural areas often involved in producing raw materials which core regions will use
what is the name of a Periphery region ?
Bihar State
where is Maharashtra state found ?
it is western India on the coast of the Arabian Sea
where is Bihar state found ?
in north-east India it is a land locked peripheral state
what is the population of Bihar’s state like ?
- most densely populated state in India with in average GDP of 23,000 Rupees per person
- Bihar’s population grew by 25% between 2001 and 2011 due to a high fertility rate resulting in a large young dependent population
what is the main city of Maharashtra state ?
- Mumbai is India’s main city in the core region
- Mumbai was formally called Bombay
why is Maharashtra a core region ?
- largest and wealthier in the country average GDP of 140,000 Rupees per person
- the commercial, financial and entertainment capital of India
- city accounts for 7% fo India’s GDP 25% of India’s industrial output and 40% of maritime trade
- India’s main banks are here as well as two largest regional stock exchanges
- Bollywood is India’s largest film industry producing more films per year than Hollywood South Asia’s. biggest cultural industry and export
- Mumbai is the main destination for FDI (foraging direct investment)
- TNCs located here include VW, Walt Disney, Citigroup, Bank of America
- migrants are attracted here from all over India resulting in a very high population density and intese pressure on housing around 40% of Mumbai’s population live in slums
why is Maharashtra a core region ? 8
- largest and wealthier in the country average GDP of 140,000 Rupees per person
- the commercial, financial and entertainment capital of India
- city accounts for 7% fo India’s GDP 25% of India’s industrial output and 40% of maritime trade
- India’s main banks are here as well as two largest regional stock exchanges
- Bollywood is India’s largest film industry producing more films per year than Hollywood South Asia’s. biggest cultural industry and export
- Mumbai is the main destination for FDI (foraging direct investment)
- TNCs located here include VW, Walt Disney, Citigroup, Bank of America
- migrants are attracted here from all over India resulting in a very high population density and intese pressure on housing around 40% of Mumbai’s population live in slums
why is Bihar state a periphery region ? 8
- logged behind the country in overall socio-economic development
- pope live below the poverty line and over 80% of the population is rural and employed in agriculture
- the economy was very undeveloped during colonial period and it has experienced poor governance since independence
- has been poor development of infrastructure such as power and irrigation
- manufacturing is limited and most workers are employed in household industries, steel and other metal industries and food processing
- state sector dominates employment
- FDI has been minimal and there is a lack of interest in education and health
- lack of employment opportunities has resulted in high and out migrations - in 2011 Bihari’s made up 30% of the people migrating to Delhi
what are the positive impacts of employment in the primary sector in India ?
- agriculture has become more mechanised so food production should increase increase in technology use
- large numbers of people employed in farming 2012 49% of workforce
what are the negative impacts of employment in the primary sector in India ?
- led to decrease in demand for farm labour in some parts of India
- has led to increase in rural urban migration
- % of contribution to total GDP fell from 37.5% to 14.5%
what are the positive impacts of employment in the secondary sector in India ?
- manufacturing share GDP has increased which is good for the economy small increase of 3.5%
- slow industrialisation country can produce wider range of goods 20% of work force
- secondary jobs tend to be formal and higher paid and skilled so they can afford to pay people for services
- economy benefits emerging economy
what are the negative impacts of employment in the secondary sector in India ?
- industry relies on FDI based on TNCs which could pullout of the country at any point
- encourages rural urban migration pull factors leading to rapid urbanisation in India
- increase the development gap between urban and rural areas
- increased industries cause rising air pollution
what are the positive impacts of employment in the tertiary sector in India ?
- economy develops India is 7th largest economy
- better paid/skilled jobs increase in wealth and people pay for more goods and services
- raid increase in service is due to outsourcing eg providing ICT and other services
what are the negative impacts of employment in the tertiary sector in India ?
- secondary industry relies on FDO based on TNCs which could pull out of the country at any point
- encourages rural urban migration pull factor jobs leading to rapid urbanisation in India
- increase the development gap between urban and rural areas
what international trade happens in India ?
- India’s trade mostly with Asia 59% imports coming from Asia as a whole and 49% exports destined for countries in Asia
- India’s exports are fairly diversified but the highest total exports by value are refined petroleum and diamonds
- exports goods include textile goods engineering goods chemical and leather
- export secrecies have been rapidly increasing over the past 20 years
- main exports partners are USA, the UK, China, Singapore and the UAE
- largest import is crude petroleum and imports gold, silver, electronic goods and precious stones
why is international trade happening in India ?
as India became more integrated into the global economy the volumes of imports and exports have increased
what international aid is being given and why in India ?
- money was the main aid source given to India
- historically India has been given the biggest recipient of foreign aid
- aid as declined rapidly I recent years as the country has developed
- India now sends aid to other countries such as Bhutan, Afghanistan, Maldives
what are the three types of investment in India ?
- foreign direct investment - overseas investment usually by TNCs
- public investment - money put into businesses by government
- private investment - money put into business by private companies
what is some information on public investments in India ? 5
- health, education and transport and housing is important for development
- India’s well educated workforce is vital to its ICT sector
- 1990’s India’s government has Venn selling off public companies through privatisation
- attracted more FDI
- many people work in India’s public sector which is still bigger than UK or USA
what is some information on private investments in India ?
- TNCs and smaller businesses have been key to India’s economic developments and has increases
- FDI has increased from 17800 to 34000 in 2014
- Indian gov is keen to attract FDI to develop infrastructure
- receives most of its FDI from Mauritius, Singapore, USA, UK, Japan and Netherlands
what is some information on TNCs in India ?
- set up factories and offices in India
- country is an attractive location to TNCs because population speaks good English
- strong IT skills
- works on lower wages than people in many other countries
what are the advantages of TNCs in India ? 5
- TNCs have created jobs and offered education and training to employees
- additional wealth has led to the multiplier effect
- set up schemes to provide new facilities for local communities
- infrastructure of the country has been improved with new roads and internet cabling
- pay tax to gov which can be spent on development projects
what are the disadvantages of TNCs in India ? 5
- corporation leaders have taken advantage of relaxed environmental laws creating lots of pollution
- conditions for workers in factories can be very harsh
- best jobs are often given to foreign workers
- use many of country’s natural resources
what is the name of the TNC case study ?
Unilever
what does TNC stand for ?
trans-national corporation
how has the population structure changed in India ?
- smaller proportion of people under 15 years
- more economically active people (15-64 years)
- more people aged 65+ years
why has the population structure changed in India ?
- fall in birth rate from 4.5% in 1951 to 2.1% today
- reduced infant mortality rate from 13.5% in 1970’s to 4.2.5 in 2015
- reduced maternal mortality rate 56% in 1990 to 19% in 2013
- increase in life expectancy birth from 50 years in 1970 to 68 years today
why is there increased inequality in India ?
GENDER INEQUALITY
-high in marginalised groups like tribes and low castes
- women rates are disappointing in society and a hindrance to development
AGE INEQUALITY
- older people feel left out of benefits and progress
- older have not benefited from education and health improvements
- older are more likely to live in rural areas
why is there a growing middle class in India ?
younger generations are getting more money and becoming wealthier so apart of the middle class
why has education improved in India ?
- more than 1.4 million schools compulsory for children
- 36000 higher education facilities
- educations sector has attracted more FDI
how is development affected by foreign policies in India ? 5
- independence in 1947 India has followed a policy of non-alignment by not following USA and its Western allies or Russia and its allies
- relation with UK has warmed English language helped Indian’s development and integration into global economy
- UK keen to export more goods and services to India and encourage Indian investment in UK
- new foreign polices include building links with leading countries like France, Canada and Germany to encourage more investment in defence, energy and infrastructure
- have struck a deal with Canada to prove India with 3.2 tons of uranium
how is development affected by defence policies in India ?
- in discussions with USA for defence agreement to provide shared logistics and warships, fighter planes and personnel
- provide humanitarian assistance and disaster relief
how is development affected by military pacts in India ?
- signed pact for Russia to supply Indian army with missiles
- help develop fighter jets and build more nuclear reactors
- pact increase income from exports
how is development affected by territorial disputes in India ?
- conflict between India and Pakistan since partition and over the disputed Kashmir regions
- been three wards in 1947 1965 and 1999
- still on going conflict today over self determination
where is technology and connectivity having a positive impact in India ?
in 2013 India had 61 million broadband connections but 54% of the connections were in these states
- Maharashtra
- Tamil Nadu
- Delhi
- Karnataka
- Andhra Pradesh
who is technology and connectivity having a positive impact in India ?
- core regions
- urban areas
- high/middle class
- young
- male
why is technology and connectivity having a positive impact in India ?
it is supporting development in many areas
what are the negative impacts of rapid development on economic in India ?
- cost of dealing with environmental and social problems
- cost of installing new infrastructure
- pressure and cost to provide more services
what are the positive impacts of rapid development on environmental in India ?
potential invest in technologies
what are the negative impacts of rapid development on environmental in India ?
- logging and land clearance
- increased CO2 emissions
- more chemicals used in industry
- desertification and deforestation
what have the government managed these impacts in India ?
- plans are in place to help poorest people and the regions in most need
- Smart Cities Mission is a new initiative by the government to improve quality of life
- projects with run between 2015 and 2020 and cover 100 cities in the country
