UK ATM for Oral board Flashcards
1
Q
What is an ATS?
A
Air traffic service
A generic term meaning variously;
- Air Traffic Control Service
- Air Traffic Advisory Service
- Flight Information Service
- Alerting Service
2
Q
What is an Approach Control Service?
A
Where an ATC service is provided for controlled flights associated with arrival or departure
3
Q
To whom do we provide an ATC service?
A
- To all IFR in Class A, B, C, D, and E airspace
- To all VFR flights in Class B, C and D airspace
- All SVFR flights
- All aerodrome traffic at controlled aerodromes.
4
Q
What is a Flight Information Service?
A
A service provided for the purpose of giving advice and information useful to the safe and efficient conduct of flights.
5
Q
To whom do we provide a FIS?
A
to all aircraft which are likely to be affected by the information and which are:
– Provided with an ATC service, or
– Otherwise known to relevant Air Traffic Services units.
FIS does not relieve the pilot-in-command of an aircraft of any responsibilities and the pilot-incommand has to make the final decision regarding any suggested alteration of flight plan
6
Q
What is an Air Traffic Advisory Service?
A
-A service provided within advisory airspace to ensure separation, in so far as practicable, between aircraft operating on IFR flight plans.
7
Q
What is advisory airspace?
A
An airspace of defined dimensions, or designated route, within which air traffic advisory service is available.
8
Q
What is an advisory route?
A
A designated route along which air traffic advisory service is available.
9
Q
Do controllers providing an ATAS have to coordinate?
A
Yes, excatly like controllers providing an ATC service.
10
Q
What do IFR aircraft need before entering advisory airspace?
A
A FPL
11
Q
What must an IFR flight do if crossing an advisory route?
A
Must cross at an angle that is 90° to the direction of the route.
12
Q
What pertinent information is included in the provision of a FIS?
A
- SIGMET and AIRMET information
- Information concerning Pre-eruption volcanic activity, volcanic eruption and ash clouds
- Information concerning the release into the atmosphere of radioactive materials or toxic chemicals
- Information on changes in serviceability of Nav Aids
- Information on changes in condition of aerodromes and associated facilities, including information on the state of the aerodrome movements areas when they are affected by snow, ice or significant deth of water
- Information on unmanned free balloons
- Any other information likely to affect safety
It shall also include
- Weather conditions reported or forecast at dep. aerodrome, destination aerodrome and alternate aerodrome
- Collision hazards to a/c operating in airspace classes C-G.
13
Q
Where is Class C airspace found in the UK?
A
Everywhere above FL195
14
Q
Describe class A airspace
A
IFR only
Clearance required
ATC must be complied with
Everyone separated from everyone
Gliders may enter in VMC
15
Q
Describe Class C airspace
A
VFR & IFR
Clearance required to enter
Instructions must be followed
IFR sep from IFR & VFR
VFR sep from IFR, given Tx info on other VFR
VMC
16
Q
Describe Class D airspace
A
VFR and IFR
Clearance required to enter
Instructions must be followed
IFR sep from IFR and SVFR, given tx info on VFR
VFR given tx info on everyone
SVFR treated as IFR for all intents and purposes
VMC
17
Q
Describe Class E airspace
A
VFR and IFR
IFR require clearance to enter, VFR does not
IFR sep from IFR, tx info on VFR- avoidance advice given if requested
Participating VFR given Tx info on IFR and other VFR
IFR must comply with instructions
VFR pilots strongly encouraged to contact ATC and comply
VMC
18
Q
What are Class E+ routes?
A
Same rules as for Class E airspace with the additional caveat that all aircraft must be equipped with transponders.
19
Q
Describe Class G airspace
A
ATCU’s provide FIS, deconfliction advice may be provided
Pilots responsible for all collision avoidance
Pilots still expected to comply with advice
20
Q
What class of airspace takes precedence when two different types join vertically
A
The lower class
This is to allow them to fly at that level without entering the CAS and comprising the safety of aircraft inside the CAS.
(a class G aircraft could fly as close to base of Class D as he wants so to ensure safety of those in Class D the boundary is treated as Class G and the A/C in class D would be kept away from it.)
21
Q
Describe the vertical profile of the FIRS in the UK
A
FIR- from the surface to FL245
UIR- FL245 to FL660
22
Q
What is an ATZ and describe its dimensions?
A
A volume of airspace established around an aerodrome for the proctection of aerodrome traffic.
From surface to 2000ft Above aerodrome level (height), centred on the midpoint of the longest runway.
If longest runway is 1850m or less than radius is 2nm otherwise its 2.5nm
23
Q
Do civil ATZ’s still exist outside the notified hours of operation?
A
No
24
Q
What class of Airspace are ATZ’s?
A
They adopt the same class as the airspace in which they sit.
25
What is a MATZ?
A military aerodrome traffic zone
26
What is the speed limit in the UK?
250kt IAS below FL100, except;
* Flights in Class A & B airspace
* IFR in Class C
* VFR in Class C airspace if authorised by ATCU and MATS 2
* Exempted flights in Class D airspace if authorised by ATCU and MATS 2
* Test flights (specified conditions)
* Flying displays when authorised by the CAA
* A/C with CAA written permission
* State A/C (military)
27
Is the ATZ inside a MATZ active 24hrs a day?
Yes
28
What is TRA(G)?
Temporary Reserved Area Gliders
29
What is RA(T)?
Temporary Restricted Airspace
30
What is a TDA?
Temporary Danger Area
31
What services compromise the UK's suite of Flight Information Services?
* Basic Service
* Traffic Service
* Deconfliction Service
* Procedural Service
32
In addition to whatever service the ATCU is providing what other services are automatically provided?
An alerting service and a basic service
33
What is a basic service?
Similar to normal FIS however Traffic info is only provided if a definite risk of collision exists
34
What is a traffic service?
Traffic identified using surveillance systems and traffic information given wherever possible.
35
What is a deconfliction service?
As per traffic service but **IFR only** however advice and information given to enable pilots to avoid other traffic. Based on ATCO workload and other limitations.
36
What is a procedural service?
A non surveillance based service to **IFR only** advice and info given to enable pilots to avoid other participating IFR traffic, and traffic information on known BS traffic where a confliction exists.
37
Do you as the controller offer the best service?
No, only provide the service requested by the pilot.
38
What is a Regional Pressure Setting?
The lowest forecast QNH in an ASR made available hourly for H+1 and H+2
39
How many Altimeter Setting Regions are there in the UK?
20
40
When should an ATCO pass the RPS?
1. When requested
2. At the discretion of the controller
41
Define the Transition Altitude
The altitude at or below which the vertical position of an aircraft is controlled by reference to altitudes. The transition altitude is located at a fixed level and published in aeronautical information publications.
## Footnote
*Unless otherwise notified the TA is 3,000ft in the UK*
42
Define the Transition Layer
The airspace between the transition altitude and the transition level. **(from 2017 at least 1000 feet courtesy of SI 2016/01)**
43
What level is the Transition Altitude normally in the UK?
Unless otherwise notified its 3,000ft
However normally 5,000 or 6,000ft in CAS
44
When is vertical position controlled with reference to FL?
When at or above the Transition Level or climbing through it.
45
When do we control vertical position with reference to altitude?
When at or below the transistion altitude or descending below it.
46
Define an alerting service
A service provided to notify appropriate organisations regarding an a/c in need of SAR aid and assist such organisations as required.
47
To whom do we provide an Alerting service?
Alerting service shall be provided to all aircraft known by ATCU's to be operating within UK FIR's
48
Who acts as the focal point for collating info re an A/C in need of SAR aid?
FIC or ACC shall serve as the central point for collecting all information relevant to a state of emergency of an aircraft operating within the FIR or control area concerned and for forwarding such information to the appropriate aeronautical rescue coordination centre (ARCC).
49
If a state of emergency arises to an aircraft while under ADI or APS control what happens?
The ATC unit will notify the ACC/FIC who will in turn notify the ARCC (Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre). They do not need to do this though if the nature of the emergency is such that the notification is unnecessary.
Even if the ARCC is not notified the unit shall alert and take other necessary steps to set in motion all appropriate local rescue and emergency organisations which can give the immediate assistance required.
50
Who is responsible initiating action?
Normally rests with the unit last in communication with the a/c or that which receives outside information from an outside source.
51
What are the phases of emergency?
**Emergency Phase-** A generic term meaning as the case may be;
**1. Uncertainity Phase-** Situation _wherein doubt exists_ as to the safety of an a/c or a marine vessel and of the persons on board.
**2. Alert Phase-** Situation _wherein apprehension exists_ as to the safety of an a/c or marine vessel and of the persons on board.
**3. Distress Phase-** Situation wherein there is a _reasonable certainity_ that a vessel or other craft, including an a/c or a person on board, is threatened by _grave and imminent danger_ and requires _immediate assistance._
52
What is the distress phase of an emergency?
A situation wherein there is reasonable certainty that an aircraft and its occupants are threatened by grave and imminent danger or require immediate assistance.
53
What is the uncertainity phase of an emergency?
–When no communication has been received from an aircraft within a period of 30 minutes after the time a communication should have been received, or...
– from the time an unsuccessful attempt to establish communication with such aircraft was first made, whichever is earlier, or…
– when an aircraft fails to arrive within 30 minutes of the ETA last notified to or estimated by ATSUs, whichever is later, except…
– when no doubt exists as to the safety of the aircraft an its occupants.
54
What is the alert phase of an emergency?
– When following the uncertainty phase, subsequent attempts to establish communication with the aircraft or inquiries to other relevant sources have failed to reveal any news of the aircraft, or…
– When an aircraft has been cleared to land and fails to land within 5 minutes of the estimated time of landing and communication has not been re-established with the aircraft, or…
* When information has been received which indicates that the operating efficiency of the aircraft has been impaired, but not to the extent that a forced landing is likely, except…
* When evidence exists that would allay apprehension as to the safety of the aircraft and its occupants, or…
* When an aircraft is known or believed to be the subject of unlawful interference.
55
What is the distress phase of an emergency?
When following the alert phase, further unsuccessful attempts to establish communication with the aircraft and more widespread unsuccessful inquiries point to the probability that the aircraft is in distress, or…
* When the fuel on board is considered to be exhausted, or to be insufficient to enable the aircraft to reach safety, or…
* When information is received which indicates that the operating efficiency of the aircraft has been impaired to the extent that a forced landing is likely, or…
* When information is received or it is reasonably certain that the aircraft is about to make or has made a forced landing, except…
* When there is reasonable certainty that the aircraft and its occupants are not threatened by grave and imminent danger and do not require immediate assistance.
56
What is the distress condition?
Distress A condition of being threatened by serious and/or imminent danger and of requiring immediate assistance.
57
What is the urgency condition?
A condition concerning the safety of an aircraft or other vehicle, or of some person on board or within sight, but which does not require immediate assistance.
58
Name three types of SAR units and who coordinates them?
1. Coastguard
2. Mountain Rescue Teams
3. Civilian Police
Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre (ARCC)
59
Describe the organisation of SAR services in the UK
60
What are the distress frequencies in the UK?
121.5 MHz- most of UK above 3,000ft, based at Swanwick (D&D)
243MHz for Military
61
What does squawk 7700 mean?
Emergency
62
What does squwak 7500 mean?
Hijack/unlawful interference
63
What does squwak 7600 mean?
Comms failure.
64
What is an ELT?
Emergency Locator Transmitter
Transmits on 406MHz used for locating an aircraft in distress (older ones use 121.5 or 243 MHz but these frequencies are not monitored for these)
65
What is an EPIRB?
Emergency Position Indicator Radio Beacon
For maritime distress
66
What is a PLB?
Personal Locator Beacon
67
What are your responsibilities as an aerodrome controller when you become aware of an aircraft in need of SAR aid?
Immediately set in motion local emergency services
Notify watch supervisor at parent ACC
68
What are the stages of coordination?
The coordination and transfer of control of a flight between successive ATC units and control sectors shall be effected by a dialogue comprising the following stages:
1) notification of the flight in order to prepare for coordination, as necessary;
2) coordination of conditions of transfer of control by the transferring ATC unit;
3) coordination, if necessary, and acceptance of conditions of transfer of control by the accepting ATC unit; and
4) the transfer of control to the accepting ATC unit or control sector
69
What is Coordination?
The act of negotiation between two or more parties each vested with the authority to make executive decisions appropriate to the task being discharged.
Effected when the parties concerned on the basis of known intelligence, agree a course of action. Responsibility for obtaining and ensuring implementation may be vested in one of the ATCOs.
70
What is tactical coordination?
**Tactical Co-ordination**
For individual aircraft provided with, or are about to be provided with, an ATS. Achieved either verbally (face-toface or over a landline) or silently using an electronic aid.
71
What is standing coordination?
**Standing Co-ordination**
Co-ordination which is implemented automatically, on a permanent basis, without communication between the controllers involved. (Achieved by written agreement, and is only valid for those aircraft and circumstances specified in MATS Pt 2)
72
What is transfer of control?
Achieved when a flight operating in accordance with the co-ordination has reached agreed position, level or time.
This can take place at;
* Agreed reporting point
* On estimate for FIR boundary
* At or passing an agreed level
* Climbing or descending to agreed level-providing standard separation exists
73
Why would transfer of communication take place before transfer of control?
So that instructions which become effective later can be issued.
74
How do we deal with formations outside CAS?
Consider formation as a single unit for separation purposes (Subject to MATS1 S1 Ch4)
Callsign of leader and number in formation on FPL but ensure pilot confirms number on initial contact.
Allocate a discrete code to lead aircraft. Others squawk standby. Also to last aircraft if stream extends 3nm or more.
During Coordination, traffic information and handover messages state number of aircraft in formation and identify full extent of any formation of more than 1nm in length.
75
How do we deal with formations inside CAS?
Civil and mil formations may transit, arrive and depart in CTA’s, CTR’s, and TMA’s without NSF approval and subject to MATS S1 Ch4 and AIP ENR1.1.14
Consider as non RVSM compliant.
All aircraft will monitor relevant ATC frequency.
Prior to entering CAS obtain confirmation all aircraft within parameters of MATS S1 Ch4, if not remain clear.
If climbing or descending, ensure all aircraft have vacated the level.
Formation leader should confirm when all aircraft have reached an assigned level.
76
When are Gliders allowed inside CAS?
Under certain circumstances exempt from RoA Rule29, glider pilots may request a clearance for flight in CAS. Glider flights of over four hours and in excess of 100 miles are common utilising lift from thermals and ridges with constant deviations and rapid level changes. Controllers must decide whether the flight is compatible with the current traffic situation if not possible to issue clearance immediately advise pilot when clearance is likely to be granted.
77
Name the types of flights that are afforded Cat A flight priority status.
Aircraft in emergency
Aircraft which have declared a police emergency
Ambulance/medical aircraft where the safety of life is involved.
78
Name the types of flights afforded Cat B flight priority status.
Police flights under normal operational priority
Aircraft engaged in search and rescue ops
Post accident flight checks
Other flights approved by the CAA including open skies observation flights
79
Name the types of flights afforded Cat C flight priority status
Royal flights and flights carrying visiting heads of states which have been notified by NOTAM/temp supplement
80
Name the types of flights afforded Class D flight priority status.
Flights carrying heads of government or very senior government ministers.
81
Name the types of flights afforded Class E flight priority status.
Flight check engaged in or en route to time or weather critical tasks
HEMS flights positioning for the purposes of their duties
Other flights authorised by the CAA
82
Name the types of flights afforded Normal flight priority status.
Flight planned aircraft following the standard routing procedures Initial instrument flight tests
83
What flight category are training and non standard flights?
Class Z
84
When is a police aircraft likely to declare a police emergency and what category would this make the aircraft?
In situations where an immediate response is required where the safety of life is at immediate risk or a serious crime or major incident is in progress. Class A
85
What are the different flight categories relevant to police flights?
Cat A- Police emergency, call sign will be suffixed with A
Cat B- Normal operational priority
Cat Z- Authorised for training tests etc
86
What call sign will UK police used and what will be added to denote the Flight being Cat A?
UKP- "Police" A will be suffixed to call sign
87
What is a HEMS flight and what flight category can it operate under?
Helicopter Emergency Medical Services flight, these operate to incidents where the safety of life is involved.
They can operate as;
Cat A flights when on emergency operational tasks
Cat E when positioning for its duties
Cat Z when training, testing etc.
88
What is the call sign for a he Helimed flight?
HLE- "Helimed" Suffixed by A or E when operating under either of these categories of priority. If no suffix than aircraft is performing routine tasks.
89
How is information on a Royal flight disseminated?
By a notification message on a Royal flight collective, giving full details. Information on the establishment of CAS-T including vertical limits is promulgated by NOTAM.
90
What are the dimensions of a formation?
1nm longitudinally and laterally and 1,000ft within the formation leader- **Military**
0.5nm longitudinally and laterally and 1,000ft within the formation leader- **Civil**
91
What is MARSA?
Military Accept responsibility for Separation
This is the name given to the fact that the responsiblity for separation between a/c comprising a formation rests with the formation leader.
92
How are squawks and instructions passed to formations?
To the formation leader as the formation is treated as one unit.
93
What suffix is applied to foreign formations?
"Flight"
Eg Deadly 31 flight
94
How do Callsigns work regarding formations?
**UK formations**
Blackcat= a UK formation
Blackcat 1= a single element from that formation
**USAF or foreign formations**
Deadly 31= a single a/c
Deadly 31 flight= Formation.
95
If an aircraft was Non deviating status what flight Cat would you expect it to be and what is important about it?
B
Important that it is not deviated from its flight path
96
When may standard separation be reduced?
* May be reduced when authorised by the CAA and published in MATS Pt2.
* Reduced separation in the vicinity of the aerodrome
* Search and Rescue escorts- Standard Separation maybe reduced when escorting in an emergency
* When climbing/descending in VMC
97
When may standard separtation be reduced in the vicinity of an aerodrome?
Also in the vicinity of an aerodrome as per ICAO, when:
* ADC continuously sees all the aircraft, and can provide adequate separation
* Aircraft see each other and agree to maintain separation (– good in circuit at night if IFR.)
* Following aircraft sees the one in front and agrees to maintain separation.
98
What are the conditions for climb or descent in VMC?
When climbing/descending in VMC when;
* Essential Traffic Information is passed
* the pilot agrees to maintain his own separation from other a/c and the maneuver is agreed by the pilot of the other a/c;
* it is during the hours of daylight;
* the aircraft is flying in VMC;
* In Class D, E, F\* and G\* (\*UK difference) airspace at or below FL100
99
What does essential Traffic information contain?
* Direction of flight
* Type of conflicting aircraft.
* Cruising level of conflicting ACFT & ETA for Reporting Point. Or for aircraft passing through levels, ETA Reporting Point nearest where aircraft will cross levels.
* Any alternative clearance.
“Essential traffic information, a (direction of flight) (a/c type), maintaining/climbing to/descending to (level) estimating (position) at (time), (any alternative clearance)”
100
What conditions may a controller impart on a level change instruction?
Aircraft may be instructed to change level at a specified time, place or rate.
101
Under what conditions may an a/c be instructed to climb/descend to a level previously occupied by another a/c?
An aircraft may be instructed to climb or descend to a level previously occupied by another aircraft provided that:
* Vertical separation already exists. or;
* Vacating aircraft is proceeding to a level which will maintain vertical separation, & either:
1. Controller observes vacating aircraft has left the level, or
2. Pilot has reported vacating the level.
102
What is radar separation?
Horizontal Separation based on radar exists when the distance between the **centres** of the radar returns does not represent less than the prescribed minimum, provided that the returns do not touch or overlap.
103
What shall you do in the event of a loss of separation?
* Use every means to obtain the required minimum with the least possible delay
* When considered practicable pass traffic info (when using RADAR) otherwise pass Essential Traffic Info.
## Footnote
***Separate then inform!!!***
104
How would you pass Essential Traffic Information as per CAP413?
“Essential traffic information, a (direction of flight) (a/c type), maintaining/climbing to/descending to (level) estimating (position) at (time), (any alternative clearance)”
105
How are levels assessed using Mode C?
1. An aircraft may be considered to be at an assigned level provided that the Mode C readout indicates 200 feet or less from that level;
2. An aircraft which is known to have been instructed to climb or descend may be considered to have left a level when the Mode C readout indicates a change of 400 feet or more from that level and is continuing in the anticipated direction;
3. An aircraft climbing or descending may be considered to have passed through a level when the Mode C readout indicates that the level has been passed by 400 feet or more and continuing in the required direction;
4. An aircraft may be considered to have reached an assigned level when three successive Mode C readouts indicate 200 feet or less from that level.
106
What are the types of Horizontal separation?
* Longitudinal
* Lateral
* RADAR
107
What is an ERP?
Exact reporting Point
Established;
* Overhead a VOR or NDB
* Intersection of 2 VOR radials
* Intersection of a VOR radial and a bearing from an NDB
* Range and radial from a co-located or associated VOR/DME
108
Why do we apply longitudinal separation?
Longitudinal separation shall be applied so that the spacing between the estimated positions of the aircraft being separated is never less than the prescribed minima
109
How can Longitudinal Separation be applied?
Distance or time;
- Depart at a specified time
- To lose time to arrive over a geographical point at a specified time
- To hold over a geographical location until a specified time
110
What are the UK definitions of same, recipricol and crossing tracks?
* 'Same track' when the track of one aircraft is separated from the track of the other by less than 45°;
* 'Reciprocal track' when the track of one aircraft is separated from the reciprocal of the other by less than 45°;
* 'Crossing track' intersecting tracks which are not classed as 'same' or 'reciprocal'
111
What are the times for longitudinal separation of departing a/c and what are the conditions? (MATS 1)
**1 min-** If the a/c are flying on different tracks separated by at least 45°. *Minima may be reduced if using lateral runways which do not cross, procedure must be approved and lateral separation must be effected immediately after take off.*
**2 min-** For tracks not separated by 45° provided that the preceding a/c is 40kts or more faster and neither aircraft is cleared to execute a manoeuvre that would decrease the 2 min separation between them.
**5 min-** Provided that the preceding aircraft has filed a true airspeed of 20kts or more faster than the following aircraft.
**5 min-** Provided that 5 minutes separation is maintained up to a reporting point, within or adjacent to a control zone or terminal control area and the a/c will be subesequently separated either;
1) Vertically
2) by Tracks which diverte by 30° or more; or
3) by radar
* Only to be used at locations approved by CAA*
**10 min**
112
What are the time based longitudinal separations for aircraft flying on the same track and same level according to MATS 1?
**2 min** Provided 2 min departure sep has been applied
**3 min** When specifically authorised by the CAA and both aircraft are;
1) equipped with functioning transponders and;
2) both aircraft are continuously monitored by RADAR and the actual distance between them is never less than 20nm.
**5 min** Provided preceding aircraft has filed an air speed of 20kts or more faster than the following aircraft.
**5 min** when specifically authorised by the CAA provided both aircraft are;
1) equipped with functioning transponders and;
2) monitored by RADAR and the actual distance between them is never less than 30nm.
**10 min otherwise**
113
What is the time based longitudinal separation we apply between an aircraft departing and those already en-route?
**10mins**
**5 mins provided**
* En-route a/c is 20kt or more faster,
* En-route a/c has reported over an ERP where departing traffic joins the route and
* Departing traffic instructed to arrive at that point 5 mins behind en-route aircraft.
114
What are the time based longitudinal separations for aircraft climbing or descending through levels when flying on the same track according to MATS 1?
**5 min** Provided that the level change is commenced within 10 mins of the time the aircraft has reported over the same exact reporting point.
**10 min**
115
What are the time based longitudinal separations for aircraft Crossing tracks according to MATS 1?
**10 min**
116
What are the time based longitudinal separations for aircraft flying on recipricol tracks according to MATS 1?
**10 min** before and after estimated passing time
Vertical separation shall be provided for at least 10 mins both prior to and after the estimated time of passing unless it has been confirmed that the aircraft have actually passed each other by;
1) ATS surveillance system information
2) Visual reports from both pilots (day only)
3) Aircraft reports over the same ERP provided vertical separation is maintained for sufficient time to take into account navigational errors
117
What are the distance based longitudinal separations for a/c on the same track and level in the UK?
**_Same level;_**
**15nm** When the leading a/c is 20kts TAS or more faster and both a/c are within 100nm of a DME/TACAN
**20nm** When the leading a/c is 20kts TAS or more faster
**20nm** when both a/c are within 100nm of a DME/TACAN
**25nm otherwise**
118
What are the distance based longitudinal separations for a/c on the same track when climbing and descending in the UK?
**_Climbing or descending on the same track_**
**15nm** at the time that the levels are crossed
119
What are the distance based longitudinal separations for a/c on recipricol tracks in the UK?
**_Recipricol Tracks_**
**40nm** unless both a/c have been established as having crossed each other and are at least **10nm** apart, if within 100nm of a DME/TACAN this may be further reduced to **5nm**
120
Why do we apply Lateral Separation?
so that the distance between those portions of the intended routes for which aircraft are to be laterally separated is never less than an established distance to account for navigational inaccuracies plus a specified buffer.
• This buffer shall be determined by the appropriate authority and included in the lateral separation minima as an integral part thereof
*If Nav equipment fails or capability detoriates then Pilot must inform ATC*
121
How is Lateral Separation established?
By requiring aircraft to operate;
– On different routes, or
– In different geographical locations as determined by:
* Visual observation, or
* By use of navigation aids, or
* By use of area navigation (RNAV) equipment
122
Whom do we separate in Class A airspace and who is allowed in it?
IFR only
All flights separated
123
Whom do we allow in Class C airspace and what are the separations?
IFR and VFR
IFR separated from IFR and VFR
VFR separated from IFR, TI given on other VFR
124
Whom do we allow in Class D airspace and what are the separations?
IFR/SVFR and VFR
IFR separated from IFR, TI on VFR
VFR given TI on IFR and other VFR
SVFR treated as IFR for all intents and purposes
125
Whom do we allow in Class E airspace and what are the separations?
IFR and VFR
IFR separated from other IFR, given TI on participating and non participating VFR traffic
Participating VFR traffic given TI on IFR and other participating and non partcipating VFR flights, BS
126
What is geographical separation in the UK?
• Positive position reports over different geographical locations - specified as being separated (MATS Pt2).
127
What are the **UK** lateral separations using a VOR and co-located/associated DME/TACAN?
Both a/c diverging
- Must be on tracks diverging by more than 20° and one of the a/c must be at least 15miles from the VOR/DME/TACAN
- If diverging by 45° or more than they are separated straight away.
Both a/c converging
-Tracks must have a difference of at least 20° and one of the a/c must be at least 30miles from the VOR/DME/TACAN
When on a/c inbound other is outbound
-Tracks must have a difference of at least 20° and the inbound a/c must be at least 30nm from the VOR **or** the outbound a/c must be 20nm from the VOR/DME/TACAN.
128
When using a bearing from an NDB what are the UK track lateral separations?
When both a/c diverging
-Tracks must be separated by 30° or more and one aircraft must be the time equivalent of 15miles or 4 mins from the NDB, whichever is greater.
129
What are the UK wake turbulence categories?
**_Super-_** Over 136,000kg
**_Heavy_-** 136,000Kg or more
**_Medium_;**
**Uppermedium-** 136,000-104,000kg
**Lower medium-** 104,000kg-40,000kg
**Small-** 40,000-17,000kg
**_Light_-** 17,000kg or less.
130
What wake turbulence category is used on FPL's
ICAO ones not UK, to comply with PANS-ATM
131
What are the wake turbulence distances for a/c on final approach?
132
When using DME's to establish separation what is the minimum range the aircraft must be from the DME?
15nm,
within this range slant error makes the reading too unreliable therefore any aircraft within 15nm must be treated as if it is 15nm away.
For example if Aircraft A is outbound from a DME passing 17 miles what range can a following aircraft be instructed to climb through the first ones level? The first a/c must be 30nm because even though only 15nm is needed between them the second aircraft will be treated as if it is 15nm until it actually reaches there, therefore the first aircraft must be 30nm for the requisite 15nm to exist.
133
What are the wake turbulence separations for Departing A/C when not intermediate?
H behind J= 2 mins
L/M behind H= 2 mins
L behind S/M= 2mins
L, S & M behind J= 3 mins
H behind H= 4nm or time equivalent
134
What are the wake turbulence separations for Departing A/C when intermediate?
H behind J= 3 mins
L/M behind H= 3 mins
L behind S/M= 3 mins
L, S & M behind J= 4 mins
H behind H= 4nm or time equivalent
*Just add 1 min to the normal separations*
135
What are the wake turbulence separations for a/c heading in opposite directions?
L/M following H= 2 mins
L following M= 2 mins
L/M following J= 3 mins
- Departing on the opposite runway heading.
- Is landing in the opposite direction on the same runway. or;
- Is landing in the opposite direction on a parallel runway separated by less than 760m
136
What are the wake turbulence separations for arriving aircraft when using a displaced threshold?
Arr L/S/M behind a H dep= 2mins
Arr L behind M/S dep= 2mins
Arr H behind J dep= 2mins
Arr L/S/M behind J dep= 3 mins
**or**
Dep L/S/M behind a H arr= 2mins
Dep L behind a S/M arr= 2mins
Dep H behind a J arr= 2mins
Dep L/S/M behind J arr= 3mins
***If projected flight paths are expected to cross.***
137
What wake turbulence separations do we apply for an a/c on a touch and go behind a departing a/c?
The same as an intermediate departure
## Footnote
H behind J= 3 mins
L/M behind H= 3 mins
L behind S/M= 3 mins
L, S & M behind J= 4 mins
H behind H= 4nm or time equivalent
Just add 1 min to the normal separations
138
What wake turbulence is applied for aircraft departing or arriving behind another on a low approach and go-around?
For wake turbulence separation purposes, aircraft carrying out a touch-and-go or a low approach shall be considered as making a departure from an intermediate point on the runway
139
For departing wake turbulence what do we treat Smalls as?
A medium a/c
so a small departing behind an uppermedium requires no wake turbulence separation.
140
What is the phraseology for wake turbulence for those following a heavier aircraft?
Caution wake turbulence, recommended distance is xxx miles.
141
What is the phraseology for wake turbulence for a/c waiting to depart?
Hold position. x mins delay due wake turbulence.
142
What does Free Call mean?
Establish comms with, your details have not been passed
143
What does contact mean?
Establish comms with, your details have been passed
144
When are non standard phrases permitted?
One when there is no standard phrasing
145
What does the prefix student denote on a callsign?
Tha the pilot is a solo student
146
How would you abbreviate Callsign BAW002?
You can't
147
How would you abbreviate Reg GDFRM?
G-RM
148
How would you abbreviate N81247?
N-247
149
How would you abbreviate QANTAS DGRN?
Qantas RN
150
How would you abbreviate N767UA?
N-7UA
151
How would you abbreviate PIPER GBSZT?
Piper ZT
152
When someone asks to converse with you how do you respond?
Pass your message
153
How do you instruct an aircraft to climb to a FL
Climb FL
**NO TO!!!!**
To is only included in climb/descents to a height or altitude.
154
How would you pass windshear to an a/c?
At (time) a departing/arriving (a/c type) reported windshear at (altitude). Airspeed loss/gain (no.)kt, strong left/right drift"
155
What services do you give as an aerodrome controller?
Basic
Alerting
Air Traffic Control
156
What type of traffic information is given as part of a basic service?
Generic Traffic Information
157
According to MATS 1 to whom can we provide a Deconfliction Service and when?
IFR a/c in any Met conditions
## Footnote
**Not to VFR**
158
What is the transition level?
The lowest flight level available for use above the transition altitude, will be at least 1,000ft from the TA.
