Nav 02

Question 1

What errors is a VOR subject to?

Answer 1

Site errors

Poor sighting

Propogation errors

Uneven propogation caused by terrain over long distances

Equipment errors

Incorrect tuning or calibration

Interference errors

Signal interference from other radio sources.

Question 2

What is a VOR?

Answer 2

A VHF omni-directional radio range. Provides aircraft with a radial from the VOR letting you know where you are in relation to it. It works by transmitting two signals, a reference signal (which is the same in every direction) and a directional signal which varies dependent on the direction you are from the VOR (due to a set of antennas around the VOR which have varying signals programmed), the phase difference between these signals gives you your radial from the VOR. Often co-located with a DME.

Information is displayed on the VOR receiver in the cockpit which indicates the magnetic course to the VOR selected radial or your radial.

Transmits a unique 3 letter identifier via morse code

Signal is FM and VHF.

Question 3

What is a DME?

Answer 3

Distance measuring equipment. A transponder on the ground that is interrogated by the aircraft transponder before being transmitted back. The time the signal takes to return is used to calculate the slant range of the aircraft from the DME. Gives range in NM. Can be interrogated by up to 100 aircraft at once. Operates UHF. Slant range error can make the reading inaccurate the closer the aircraft is and the higher it is.

Information is displayed on the DME receiver in the cockpit.

Question 4

What is the accuracy of a VOR?

Answer 4

• Accuracy is plus or minus 1.25º

• 50nms at 1,000ft
• 90nms at 5,000ft
• 150nm at 15,000ft
• 200nms at 25,000ft

Ie LOS means the higher you are the further away you can pick up the signal.

• Spaced between 50nm and 100nms apart to ensure low level coverage.

• Also has the cone of silence as VOR will not work for aircraft directly above it.

Question 5

What is the accuracy of an DME?

Answer 5

• Accurate to within 1nm
• Can accept up to 100 aircraft interrogations simultaneously
• Subject to slant error - the closer to the beacon, the less accurate the readings become

Question 6

How are DME’s used?

Answer 6

• Co-located VOR/DME stations provide range and bearing
• Provides positive ranges for aircraft flying same track and interrogating same DME ATC separation
• Co-location with precision approach aid accurate range from touchdown eg ILS
• Enhances the accuracy of holding patterns
• Suitable computer + DME accurate area navigation
• Military use for air to air refueling

Question 7

How is a VOR radial displayed in the cockpit?

Answer 7

Radio Mangentic Indicator (RMI)

The magnetic bearing of the beacon (QDM) is indicated by an arrow at one end of the VOR pointer.

The radial (QDR) must be shown at the opposite end.

Omni -bearing Selector (OBS)

Shows the QDM deflection from the VOR, ie tells you which way you need to reposition the aircraft to acquire the desired track relative to the VOR but doesn’t show the current a/c heading, provides lateral guidance to achieve desired magnetic track relative to the beacon (independent of heading). Also indicates whether your position from/to the VOR depedent on the selected QDM (eg if you had a QDM of 270 selected when you are on the 270 radial it will show you are from the VOR, ie a QDM of 270 will take you away from the VOR not your heading).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCCk2ch-xL4

Question 8

How does an aircraft use a DME?

Answer 8

The aircraft will send out a digital or analogue pulse train on one frequency which is received by the DME, the DME will then send back the same pulse train but on a different frequency back to the aircraft. Two frequencies are used so the aircraft don’t interrogate each other and the pulse train is randomly generated so each aircraft will know when its own signal is being returned.

The time calculated between transmission of the first signal and receipt of the reply is used to work out the range of the DME. This will then be displayed in the cockpit for the pilot.

Question 9

What is an ADF?

Answer 9

The ADF, or Automatic Direction Finder,

is an older type of a radio navigation instrument.

The needle indicates the relative position (bearing) of the NDB (Non Directional Beacon) to the nose of the aircraft.

Displays the bearing on an RBI

Question 10

What is a radio bearing?

Answer 10

The angle between the apparent direction of a definite source of emission of radio waves and a reference direction, as determined at DF station

Question 11

What is Radio Direction Finding?

Answer 11

Direction Finding (DF) or Radio Direction Finding (RDF) is the measurement of the direction from which a received signal was transmitted.

Question 12

What is QTE?

Answer 12

The true bearing of an aircraft in relation to the Direction Finding Station, ie. the bearing the aircraft is as seen from the DF station.

Question 13

What is QDR?

Answer 13

The magnetic bearing of an aircraft in relation to the Direction Finding Station, ie. the bearing the aircraft is as seen from the DF station.

Question 14

What is QDM?

Answer 14

The Magnetic Heading to steer to make for the DF station, aka homing.

Question 15

What are the methods by which an a/c can calculate its position using DF?

Answer 15

Triangulation

Pilots can establish their approximate position by obtaining two or more bearings from separate DF stations, and plotting the point at which the bearings intercept.

Homing

The procedure of using the DF equipment at your radio station with the radio bearing of an aircraft transmission, whereby the aircraft proceeds continuously towards the station following bearings obtained from your DF equipment.

DF Telecommunication Technique

Requesting the DF information from the DF station. Phraseology

“Station, Full C/s, request QDM/QDR/QTE, Full C/s”

response;

“C/s, Station, QDM/QTE/QDR 270 degrees class Bravo”

these requests can be refused but the reason must be stated.

ADF

The ADF works on the directional properties exhibited by a loop aerial, receiving signals from a ground based transmitter. (It is effectively an airborne DF unit)

Displays a Relative Bearing in relation to the aircraft’s heading using a pointer on an RBI. Whan RBI is added to the A/C heading you will get the QDM to the DF station.

RMI

An arrow is superimposed onto the compass rose so that a QDM can be read straight from the pointer.

The instrument can house more than one arrow to simultaneously display bearing information to more than one beacon.

Question 16

What errors do NDB’s suffer from?

Answer 16

Static Interference

Heavy precipitation and thunderstorms cause static interference. Often the ADF needle will point directly at the centre of an active TS in preference to the NDB.

Station Interference

Large bearing errors are caused by interference from transmitters operating on similar frequencies to the one being interrogated. Often caused by inaccurate tuning.

Mountain Effect

LF and MF are surface waves and therefore reflected by any high ground in their path. This can result in direct and reflected waves being simultaneously received by the aircraft and causing bearing errors. Normally overcome by flying higher.

Night Effect

Changes in the Ionosphere at night cause interference from transmissions, particularly in the higher medium frequencies, that would normally be out of range. Severe bearing errors are most likely to occur at sunrise and sunset.

Coastal Refraction

Radio waves travel slightly faster over the sea than they do over land. A radio wave crossing the coast at any angle other than 90º is going to be refracted. An aircraft flying over the sea and interrogating an NDB inland is likely to suffer a bearing error

Quadrantal Error

The airframe of an aircraft tends to reflect, refract and re-radiate incoming radio waves so the loop aerial receives a strong signal from the NDB together with a weaker one that has been distorted by the fuselage. Overall, the signal appears to bend towards the fuselage and this error is maximum when it arrives at the aircrafts quadrantal points. Conversely, signals arriving at the aircraft’s cardinal points do not suffer any error.

System Malfunction

Component or systems failure are difficult to detect because there is no failure warning device. Constant monitoring of the equipment is required

Question 17

What is a True Radio Bearing?

Answer 17

A radio bearing for which the reference is True North

Question 18

What is a magnetic Radio bearing?

Answer 18

A radio bearing for which the reference direction is Magnetic North.

Question 19

What is the accuracy of a Class A DF?

Answer 19

+/- 2°

Question 20

What is the accuracy of a Class B DF?

Answer 20

+/-5°

Question 21

What is the accuracy of a Class C DF?

Answer 21

+/-10°

Question 22

What is the accuracy of a Class D DF?

Answer 22

Worse than class C

Question 23

What is Triangulation?

Answer 23

Pilots can establish their approximate position by obtaining two or more bearings from separate DF stations, and plotting the point at which the bearings intercept.

Question 24

What is Homing?

Answer 24

The procedure of using the DF equipment at your radio station with the radio bearing of an aircraft transmission, whereby the aircraft proceeds continuously towards the station following bearings obtained from your DF equipment.

Question 25

What is the DF Telecommunication Technique?

Answer 25

Requesting the DF information from the DF station. Phraseology “Station, Full C/s, request QDM/QDR/QTE/QUJ, Full C/s” response; “C/s, Station, QDM/QTE/QDR/QUJ 270 degrees class Bravo” these requests can be refused but the reason must be stated.

Question 26

How would a pilot determine his position using an ADF?

Answer 26

Displays a Relative Bearing in relation to the aircraft’s heading using a pointer on an RBI. Whan RBI is added to the A/C heading you will get the QDM to the DF station.

Question 27

What is an RMI and how would you use it to navigate using DF?

Answer 27

Basically an ADF onto which arrows are superimposed onto the compass rose so that a QDM can be read straight from the pointer. The instrument can house more than one arrow to simultaneously display bearing information to more than one beacon. By adding the aircrafts heading to the Relative bearing to the station displayed on the RMI you can determine your QDM.

Question 28

What are the advantages of using an NDB for navigation?

Answer 28

* Reception is not limited to line of sight, MF waves propogate around the curvature of the earth * Maximum range is dependent on the power of the NDB

Question 29

What are the disadvantages of an NDB?

Answer 29

* The NDB is subject to atmospheric interference, coastal and night refraction, which affects accuracy * It is not as accurate as a VOR.

Question 30

What is an ILS?

Answer 30

Instrument Landing System ## Footnote The Instrument Landing System (ILS) is a highly accurate and dependable means of navigating to the runway in IFR conditions. When using the ILS, the pilot determines aircraft position primarily by reference to instruments. The ILS consists of: A. The localizer transmitter; B. The glide path transmitter; C. The outer marker (or an NDB or other fix); and D. In association with a suitable runway, the approach lighting system. Has different categories The localizer provides lateral guidance. The localizer is a VHF radio transmitter and antenna system using the frequency band as VOR transmitters (between 108MHz and 112MHz). Located at the upwind end of the runway. The glide path transmitter provides vertical guidance to the pilot during the approach. The ILS glide slope is produced by a ground-based UHF radio transmitter and antenna system, operating in the 329.30 MHz to 335.00 MHz frequency band. Normally 300m from the threshold, also offset by 100-200m. **It is a precision approach.**

Question 31

What is a CAT 1 ILS?

Answer 31

**Category I** ILS provides guidance information down to a decision height (DH) of not less than 200 ft. Vis not less than 800m or RVR of less than 550m. *The RVR can be reduced to 400m for a non standard CAT I approach.*

Question 32

What are the advantages of an ILS?

Answer 32

Advantages: Pilot interpreted and simple to use. ‘Precision’ approaches possible, i.e., provides full guidance in azimuth and elevation, in some cases during the landing ‘roll out’. Can be coupled to auto-pilot for automatic approach and landings. Warns of any failures so does not require constant monitoring.

Question 33

What are the disadvantages of an ILS?

Answer 33

Disadvantages: Subject to interference from commercial VHF radio stations. Reflections from other ground facilities can create ‘false’ glide paths. Shortage of frequencies.

Question 34

Where would an ILS localiser be located?

Answer 34

At the upwind end of the runway, normally 300m from the opposite threshold

Question 35

Where is an ILS glidepath located?

Answer 35

Normally situated around 300m from the landing threshold and offset between 100-200m from the centreline.

Question 36

Where is the outer marker of an ILS located?

Answer 36

3-6nms from threshold Flases a blue light in the cockpit 400Hz

Question 37

Where would the middle marker of an ILS be located?

Answer 37

900-1200m Flases a blue light in the cockpit 400Hz

Question 38

What does the DME element of an ILS do?

Answer 38

It provides the slant range between the aircraft and the runway threshold (irrespective of where the DME itself is located). Provides range information instead of the marker beacons The DME channel will be automatically paired to the localiser frequency.

Question 39

What is the accuracy of the DME element of an ILS?

Answer 39

Accurate only within localizer coverage and up to 25,000ft

Question 40

How does the localizer component of an ILS work?

Answer 40

The localizer provides lateral guidance. The localizer is a VHF radio transmitter and antenna system using the frequency band as VOR transmitters (between 108MHz and 112MHz). Two separate frequencies are broadcast from two lobes, where the signals are received in equal measure is the centreline of the runway, receiving either more strongly than the other means that a course correction is required. Located at the upwind end of the runway.

Question 41

How does the glidepath component of the ILS work?

Answer 41

The glide path transmitter provides vertical guidance to the pilot during the approach. The ILS glide slope is produced by a ground-based UHF radio transmitter and antenna system, operating in the 329.30 MHz to 335.00 MHz frequency band. Normally 300m from the threshold, also offset by 100-200m.

Question 42

What is the overlap for the localizer lobes and what frequency do they operate on?

Answer 42

5° 90Hz and 150Hz

Question 43

What is the frequency band for the localiser?

Answer 43

between 108MHz and 112MHz VHF

Question 44

What is the frequency band of the Glide path?

Answer 44

329.30 MHz to 335.00 UHF

Question 45

What is the overlap for the Glidepath lobes and what frequencies do they use?

Answer 45

1° to a maximum range of 10nm 90Hz and 150Hz

Question 46

What is the localizers coverage area?

Answer 46

Centreline +/-10° out to 25nm Centreline +/-35° out to 17nm

Question 47

What is the normal ILS glidepath angle?

Answer 47

3°

Question 48

What is the DME's protected range?

Answer 48

Extends 8° either side of the centreline and vertically from 0.45x GP to 1.75x GP Up to a distance of 10nm.

Question 49

Why are ILS localizers and glidepaths frequency paired?

Answer 49

* Reduces cockpit workload * Guards against mismatching * Only the localizer frequency needs to be published and selected.

Question 50

What are the rates of height loss for the approach angle?

Answer 50

2.5°= 250ft per nm 3°= 300ft per nm 3.5°= 350ft per nm

Question 51

Do ILS's need to be monitored by engineers?

Answer 51

No as they monitor themselves using automatic equipment that monitors the radiation fields. If the power drops below an acceptable level, or anything abnormal happens the ILS automatically ceases to transmit navigation info.

Question 52

How are ILS's identified?

Answer 52

Using a three letter Morse designator.

Question 53

How can ILS information be displayed in the cockpit?

Answer 53

On an HSI (Horizontal Situation Indicator) or OBS (Omni-directional Bearing Selector)

Question 54

What do the dots on an OBS signify?

Answer 54

Each horizontal Dot indicates 0.5° of variation from centreline Each vertical Dot indicates 0.15° deviation from the glidepath.

Question 55

What is a CAT II ILS?

Answer 55

**Category II** ILS approaches and a DH lower than 200ft but not less than 100 ft. RVR not less than 350m. *You can have non standard CAT II approaches that are missing some or all of the elements of a standard CAT II precision approach but still use these figures above.*

Question 56

What is a CAT III A ILS?

Answer 56

**Category III** A- Decision height lower than 100ft or no decision height, RVR of no less than 200m.

Question 57

What are the figures for a CAT III B ILS?

Answer 57

B- Decision height lower than 50ft or no decision height RVR not less than 200m but not less than 75m.

Question 58

What are the figures for a CAT III C ILS?

Answer 58

C-A precision instrument approach and landing with no decision height, and no runway visual range limitations.

Question 59

What are the three components of an ILS?

Answer 59

Localizer Glidepath DME

Question 60

What is INS?

Answer 60

Intertial Navigation System ## Footnote A series of gyrscopes and accelorometers that can deduce the a/c's current position by measuring its movements from the reference point entered at the start of the flight. It is standalone system. **It cannot be restarted once in flight.** RNS (Reference Navigation System) is an INS that updates using data derived from other nav aids.

Question 61

What is a GPS?

Answer 61

Global Navigation Satellite Systems ## Footnote Uses satellites in orbit to determine position by taking the time the signal was sent from each satellite and when it was received to work out where it is in relation to 3 or more satellites, giving the aircrafts position with reference to the centre of the earth.

Question 62

What errors do GPS receivers suffer from?

Answer 62

**Ionosphere and Troposphere Delays** The satellite signal slows as it passes through the atmosphere. The system uses a built-in average, not exact, amount of delay. **Orbital errors** Also known as “ephemeris errors” these are inaccuracies of the satellites’ reported location. **Satellite/Geometery Shading** Ideal satellite geometry exists when the satellites are located at wide angles relative to each other. Poor geometry results when the satellites are located in a line or in a tight grouping. **Receiver Clock Errors** Since it is not practical to have an atomic clock in your GPS receiver, the built-in clock can have very slight timing errors. **Number of Satellites Visible** Due to operating line of sight causing position errors, or possibly no position reading at all. GPS units will not work indoors, underwater, or underground. **Signal Multi-Path** Occurs when the GPS signal is reflected off objects such as tall buildings or large rock surfaces before it reaches the receiver. This increases the travel time of the signal, thereby causing errors. *These errors can be corrected by SBAS, ABAS, or GBAS*

Question 63

Whats is ABAS?

Answer 63

**Aircraft Based Augumentation System** Augments and/or integrates the information obtained from the GNSS elements with other information available on board the aircraft (eg. INS) The aim is to enhance the overall performance of the GPS equipment on board in terms of integrity (continuity) availability, and (accuracy)

Question 64

What is GBAS

Answer 64

**Ground Based Augmentation System** Local Area Augmentation System is the ICAO definition ground based augmentation for Satellite Navigation, uses ground based Nav aids and sensors to correct GPS errors. For example a DGPS (Differential GPS) is a ground based station that knows its exact location and can use that information to correct the error. GBAS is the European application of LAAS (Local Area Augmentation System).

Question 65

What is SBAS?

Answer 65

SBAS is a generic term for GNSS augmentations, which use geostationary satellites to broadcast information to users over a large geographical area. European EGNOS (European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service) Similar to DGPS, but uses two satellites to further correct readings together with ground stations

Question 66

Define a Precision Approach

Answer 66

An instrument approach and landing using precision **lateral and vertical** guidance with minima as determined by the category of operation. Note. Lateral and vertical guidance refers to the guidance provided either by: a) a ground-based navigation aid; or b) computer generated navigation data displayed to the pilot of an aircraft. c) a controller interpreting the display on a radar screen (Precision Approach Radar (PAR)

Question 67

Define a non-precision approach

Answer 67

An instrument approach and landing which utilises lateral guidance but does not utilise vertical guidance. Non-precision approaches which are pilot interpreted make use of ground beacons and aircraft equipment such as VOR, NDB and the LLZ element of an ILS system, often in combination with DME for range.

Question 68

What does MaPt mean on an approach chart?

Answer 68

Missed Approach Point

Question 69

What does FAF mean on an Approach Chart?

Answer 69

Final Approach Fix, NPA's Only

Question 70

What does FAP mean on an Approach Chart?

Answer 70

Final Approach Point PA's only

Question 71

What does IAF mean on an approach chart?

Answer 71

Initial Approach Fix

Question 72

What does IF mean on an approach chart?

Answer 72

Intermediate Fix

Question 73

What is a STAR?

Answer 73

Standard Instrument Arrival Route ## Footnote A set of standard published procedures that take an a/c from the en-route phase of flight to Approach phase. It normally ends at the IAF.

Question 74

On an approach plate, what type of procedures can be used if a straight in approach is not possible?

Answer 74

Where no suitable IAF or IF is avaliable to construct a straight in approach, * a REVERSAL procedure; * RACETRACK procedure; * Or HOLDING pattern is required

Question 75

What are the stages of an Approach?

Answer 75

1. Arrival 2. Initial (starts at IAF) 3. Intermediate (starts at intermediate fix IF) 4. Final (starts at FAP or FAF) 5. Missed approach (starts at MAPt)

Question 76

What are missed Approach Points?

Answer 76

A missed approach point may be: 1) Glide Path / Decision Alt(Hgt) 2) NAV FACILITY 3) FIX 4) Specified distance from FAF * Missed approach kept simple * Each IAP has a published missed approach procedure * If the required visual reference is not established at the MAPt, INITIATE A MISSED APPROACH at once * One MAPt for each IAP * If missed approach initiated prior to the MAPt, comply with the MA Procedure to remain sector safe.

Question 77

What is a DH or DA?

Answer 77

Decision Height/Altitude The height/Alt on a PA where the pilot must decide whether he wishes to continue the landing attempt or initiate a Missed Approach Procedure (MAP) on a **Precision Approach**

Question 78

What are the different Approach Category Speeds?

Answer 78

CAT. A nominal Vat less than 91 kts IAS CAT. B nominal Vat 91 kts to 120 kts IAS CAT. C nominal Vat 121 kts to 140 kts IAS CAT. D nominal Vat 141 kts to 165 kts IAS CAT. E nominal Vat 166 kts to 210 kts IAS

Question 79

What level of Precision Approach are GNSS systems capable of?

Answer 79

Down to CAT I approach limits.

Question 80

What is RAIM?

Answer 80

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring ## Footnote A technique of ABAS Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) The GNSS receiver/processor determines the integrity of the GNSS signals without reference to sensors or integrity systems other than the receiver itself. This determination is achieved by a consistency check among redundant pseudo-range measurements.

Question 81

What is AAIM?

Answer 81

Airborne Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (AAIM), Type of ABAS where GNSS information is complemented with onboard sensors and other components.

Question 82

What is DGPS?

Answer 82

Differential GPS ## Footnote Where a ground reference station is used to determine the errors in a satellite signal and broadcasts out the corrections. Making the GNSS signals more accurate.

Question 83

What types of IAP are Non Precision Approaches?

Answer 83

* VOR * NDB * SRA * ILS (localizer only) * GNSS * VDF

Question 84

What types of IAPs are precision approaches?

Answer 84

* ILS * PAR (Precision Approach Radar) * RNP Approach * MLS (Microwave Landing System)

Question 85

What is a precision approach terrain chart used for?

Answer 85

Planning of the approach only.

Question 86

For what type of aircraft are IAPs?

Answer 86

IFR

Question 87

If there is no IAF or IF suitable to construct a straight in approach what must an IAP have?

Answer 87

Either a; * Reversal Procedure * Racetrack Procedure * or a holding pattern.

Question 88

What is a base turn?

Answer 88

A reversal procedure for an IAP

Question 89

What is a procedure turn?

Answer 89

A reversal procedure that allows an IAP where it is not a straight in approach.

Question 90

What does the pilot normally do during the intermediate approach segment?

Answer 90

* Adjust speed and configuration for final approach * Keep the descent gradient nice and shallow * Obstacle clearance reduces from 1000ft to 500ft

Question 91

What does FAF mean on an approach chart?

Answer 91

The final approach fix (for a non precision approach)

Question 92

What does the pilot normally do during the final approach segment?

Answer 92

* Align and descend the aircraft for landing * May conduct a visual manoeuvre for the runway.

Question 93

Where does the final approach segment end?

Answer 93

When the missed approach point is reached.

Question 94

What can define a MAPt?

Answer 94

* Glide path DA or DH * Nav facility * Fix * Specified distance from FAF (this will be another DME jobby)

Question 95

What is a MDA or MDH?

Answer 95

Minimum Descent Altitude/Height The point below which a pilot must decide whether to perform a missed approach procedure on a non-precision approach.

Question 96

What is VM(C)?

Answer 96

Visual Manoeuvring (Circling) Is the term used to describe the visual phase of flight, after completing an Instrument Approach.

Question 97

What is RNAV?

Answer 97

Area Navigation ## Footnote A method of navigation which permits aircraft operation on **any desired flight path** within the **coverage of station-referenced navigation aids** or within the limits of the capability of self contained nav aids, or a combination of both. Basically allows you to fly using waypoints instead of having to fly point to point with nav aids.

Question 98

How does RNAV work?

Answer 98

Uses waypoints referenced to Nav aids or self contained nav aids on the aircraft. Provides LNAV (Lateral-RNAV) and VNAV (Vertical RNAV) to ensure accuracy with the WGS84 system.

Question 99

What is B-RNAV?

Answer 99

Basic RNAV ## Footnote Requires aircraft to track keep within +/-5nm for at least 95% of the flight time. Only for en-route All IFR aircraft must be B-RNAV compliant.

Question 100

What are RNP's?

Answer 100

Required Navigation Performance ## Footnote "*a statement of the navigation performance necessary for operation within a defined airspace"* Basically the required accuracy of your PBN that is necessary on a route or RNP area.

Question 101

What happens if a system cannot maintain the required navigational performance?

Answer 101

It must be monitoring itself and if it fails to meet the specification it must provide an alert.

Question 102

On what are RNP's based?

Answer 102

INS perviously but GNSS is used these days.

Question 103

What are the five RNP accuracies?

Answer 103

1 4 10 12.6 20 NM

Question 104

Are the five standard RNP accuracies sufficient for approaches?

Answer 104

No, they are only for en-route.

Question 105

What are RNP routes?

Answer 105

Fixed and published ATS routes which can be flight planned for use by aircraft that comply with the RNP requirements.

Question 106

What are RNP areas?

Answer 106

An area/ volume of airspace of defined dimensions where RNP requirements can be specified by the authority. In these areas unpublished tracks (random tracks) may be flight planned and flown.

Question 107

What is P-RNAV?

Answer 107

Precision RNAV RNAV with an accuracy requirement of +/-1nm Allows for en-route and TMA ops, can also be applied to SIDS and STARS Aircraft that comply with this may operate on these SIDs and STARs

Question 108

What is RNP-RNAV?

Answer 108

No requirement for airborne monitoring of RNP acurracy achieved as accuracy is ensured operationally. Allows for an accuracy of +/-0.3nm This can be used in terminal areas.

Question 109

What is RNP APCH?

Answer 109

RNP approaches These require an accuracy of +/-1.0nm for the initial, intermediate and missed approach phases and +/-0.3nm for the final approach.

Question 110

What is RNP (AR) APCH?

Answer 110

RNP (Authorisation Required) Approach ## Footnote Defined as an RNP approach procedure that requires a lateral TSE (total systems error) lower than the standard RNP values on any segment of the approach procedure down to 0.1nm and similar to ILS Cat 2/3.

Question 111

What are the three components of PBN?

Answer 111

1. The navigation application 2. Navigation Specification 3. Navigation Infrastructure.

Question 112

With regards to RNAV what is TSE?

Answer 112

Total system error. The difference between the true position and desired position of the aircraft.

Question 113

With regards to RNAV what is PDE?

Answer 113

Path Definition Error The difference between the true position and estimated position.

Question 114

With regards to RNAV what is NSE?

Answer 114

Navigation System Error. The difference between the true position and estimated posiion. This is sometimes known as PEE (position estimated error)

Question 115

With regards to RNAV what is FTE?

Answer 115

Flight Technical Error The accuracy with which the a/c is controlled as measured by the indicated a/c position with respect to the indicated command or desired position.

Question 116

With regards to RNAV what is VNAV?

Answer 116

Vertical Navigation Provision for guidance for vertical navigation

Question 117

With regards to RNAV what is LNAV?

Answer 117

Lateral Navigation Provision of area nav guidance in the horizontal plane.

Question 118

With regards to RNAV what is FRT?

Answer 118

Fixed radius turn A turn at a waypoint in the en-route phase of flight using a FRT of either 22.5nm for FL200 and above or 15nm below FL200

Question 119

With regards to RNAV what is a waypoint?

Answer 119

A specified geographical location used to define an area nav route or the flight path of an A/c using area nav.

Question 120

With regards to RNAV what is Parallel Offset?

Answer 120

A desired track parallel to & left or right of the parent track specified in nautical miles of offset distance.

Question 121

With regards to RNAV what is a fly-by waypoint?

Answer 121

A waypoint which an aircraft flies-by by anticipating the turn necessary for the next one.

Question 122

With regards to RNAV what is a fly-over waypoint?

Answer 122

A waypoint which must be flown over. The turn to the next waypoint will therefore need a correction turn first.

Question 123

How can STARs be terminated?

Answer 123

Two types of termination ## Footnote **Closed-** uninterrupted STAR right down to the final approach segment of the relevant instrument approach. **Open-** ends at a waypoint abeam the final approach segment, aircraft will continue to fly the published heading from this point, so will require radar vectors or visual manoeuvre to the final approach track.

Question 124

How long does it take GPS satellites to orbit Earth?

Answer 124

12 hours

Question 125

Who funds the Galileo system?

Answer 125

ESA and EU

Question 126

What is EGNOS?

Answer 126

European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service Uses two satellites to correct the readings from those providing the actual positioning. A type of SBAS.

Question 127

What is the benefit of GPS and Galileo?

Answer 127

You can use both together and they are free

Question 128

When can signal multi-path occur?

Answer 128

In built up areas

Question 129

Give an example of a stand alone system

Answer 129

INS

Question 130

What do we mean by stand alone?

Answer 130

That the system can navigate without reference to any external information.

Question 131

What does PBN identify?

Answer 131

It identifies a set of navigation specifications that provide a set of performance guarantees from the aircraft.

Question 132

Is there any requirement for an RNP RNAV system to be monitored when airborne?

Answer 132

No

Question 133

Does RNP need to be airborne monitored?

Answer 133

Yes

Question 134

How many types of ILS approach are there?

Answer 134

7 5 Standard ones and the 2 special ones

Question 135

What minimum range must an ILS localizer have?

Answer 135

17nm

Question 136

Where is the ILS reference point?

Answer 136

Above the intersection of the centreline and the threshold.

Question 137

What does an NDB provide?

Answer 137

A bearing

Question 138

What is a locater beacon?

Answer 138

NDB with an L A local NDB at an airfield

Question 139

What does LNAV and VNAV use?

Answer 139

WGS 84

Question 140

What types of bearings can you get from VDF?

Answer 140

QTE QDR QDM QUJ

Question 141

What frequency band does an ADF operate on?

Answer 141

MF Same as the NDB

Question 142

What frequency band does an NDB work on?

Answer 142

LF (not in the UK) & MF 190 to 1750KHz

Question 143

What is an NDB’s radius of coverage?

Answer 143

10-500nm