ATM 02 Flashcards
In the vicinity of the Aerodrome when may the standard separations be reduced?
the standard separation minima may be reduced in the vicinity of aerodromes if:
a) adequate separation can be provided by the aerodrome controller when each aircraft is continuously visible to this controller; or
b) each aircraft is continuously visible to flight crews of the other aircraft concerned and the pilots thereof report that they can maintain their own separation; or
c) in the case of one aircraft following another, the flight crew of the succeeding aircraft reports that the other aircraft is in sight and separation can be maintained.
When can Reduced Runway separation minima be used?
Reduced runway separation minima shall only be applied during the hours of daylight from 30 minutes after local sunrise to 30 minutes before local sunset.
How are aircraft categorised with regards to reduced runway separation minima?
Cat 1
-single-engine propeller aircraft with a maximum certificated take-off mass of 2000 kg or less.
Cat 2
- single-engine propeller aircraft with a maximum certificated take-off mass of more than 2000 kg but less that 7000 kg; and
- twin-engine propeller aircraft with a maximum certificated take-off mass of less than 7000 kg.
Cat 3
-All other a/c
Can you use reduced runway separation for a departing aircraft behind a landing aircraft?
No
What conditions is reduced runway separation subject to?
a) wake turbulence separation minima shall be applied;
b) visibility shall be at least 5 km and the ceiling shall not be lower than 300m (1000 feet);
c) tail wind component shall not exceed 5 kts;
d) there shall be available means, such as suitable landmarks, to assist the controller in assessing the distances between aircraft. A surface surveillance system that provides the air traffic controller with position information on aircraft may be utilized, provided that approval for operational use of such equipment includes a safety assessment to ensure that all requisite operational and performance requirements are met;
e) minimum separation continues to exist between two departing aircraft immediately after take-off of the second aircraft;
f) traffic information shall be provided to the flight crew of the succeeding aircraft concerned;
g) the braking action shall not be adversely affected by runway contaminants such as ice, slush, snow and water.
Must also be during the daytime only
What are the reduced runway separation minima for a/c landing after?
- A succeeding landing Category 1 aircraft may cross the runway threshold when the preceding aircraft is a Category 1 or 2 aircraft which either:
i) has landed and passed a point at least 600 m from the threshold of the runway, is in motion and will vacate the runway without back-tracking; or
ii) is airborne and has passed a point at least 600 m from the threshold of the runway; - A succeeding landing Category 2 aircraft may cross the runway threshold when the preceding aircraft is a Category 1 or 2 aircraft which either:
i) has landed and has passed a point at least 1500 m from the threshold of the runway, is in motion and will vacate the runway without back-tracking; or
ii) is airborne and has passed a point at least 1500 m from the threshold of the runway; - A succeeding landing aircraft may cross the runway threshold when a preceding Category 3 aircraft:
i) has landed and has passed a point at least 2400 m from the threshold of the runway, is in motion and will vacate the runway without back-tracking; or
ii) is airborne and has passed a point at least 2400 m from the threshold of the runway;
* In any event each runway will have its own minima published in MATS 2 and these are the absolute minimum*
What are the reduced runway separation minima for a/c departing behind another departure?
- a Category 1 aircraft may be cleared for take-off when the preceding departing aircraft is a Category 1 or 2 aircraft which is airborne and has passed a point at least 600 m from the position of the succeeding aircraft;
- a Category 2 aircraft may be cleared for take-off when the preceding departing aircraft is a Category 1 or 2 aircraft which is airborne and has passed a point at least 1,500 m from the position of the succeeding aircraft; and
- an aircraft may be cleared for take-off when a preceding departing Category 3 aircraft is airborne and has passed a point at least 2,400 m from the position of the succeeding aircraft.
* Note each runway will have its own minima and these are the absolute minimum*
Consideration should be given to increased separation between high performance single-engine aircraft and preceding Category 1 or 2 aircraft.
You are on duty, the runway in use is runway 30R. Surface wind 120 degrees 6 knots. A Boeing 737 has landed and has passed the 2400 metre marker and will shortly vacate the runway. You have an Airbus 320 on final, can you clear it to land?
no due to 5kt tailwind
You are on duty during the hours of darkness. The runway in use is runway 30R. A Boeing 737 has landed and has passed the 2400 metre marker and will shortly vacate the runway. You have an Airbus 320 on final, can you clear it to land?
No, can’t use reduced runway separation at night or twilight, must be day
You are on duty during the daytime, a Category 2 aircraft is airborne and has passed the 1500 metre marker, the next departing aircraft is also a Category 2 aircraft. Can you clear this aircraft for take-off?
yes
You are on duty during the daytime. A Boeing 757 (Cat 3) aircraft has departed and has passed the 2400 metre marker. The next departure is a Cessna 172 (Cat 1). Can you clear it for take-off?
yes as long as the CAT 3 is airborne
You are on duty during the daytime. The visibility is 3000 metres. A Boeing 737 has landed and passed the 2400 metre marker and will shortly vacate the runway. You have another Boeing 737 on final. Can you clear this aircraft to land?
no, vis needs to be at least 5km
You are on duty during the daytime. The visibility is 7Kms and it has been raining heavily for several hours and the braking action reported as poor. A Boeing 737 has landed and passed the 2400 metre marker and will shortly vacate the runway. You have another Boeing 737 on final. Can you clear this aircraft to land?
No, due to weather causing adverse braking action
You are on duty during the daytime. A Cessna 172 has landed and has passed the 600 metre marker. The pilot has requested a short backtrack to vacate to the flying club, which you have approved. You have another Cessna 172 on final. Can you clear this aircraft to land?
No, preceding a/c cannot be backtracking
With regards to reduced runway separation what is CAT 1 aircraft?
Cat 1
-single-engine propeller aircraft with a maximum certificated take-off mass of 2000 kg or less.
With regards to reduced runway separation what is CAT 2 aircraft?
Cat 2
- single-engine propeller aircraft with a maximum certificated take-off mass of more than 2000 kg but less that 7000 kg; and
- twin-engine propeller aircraft with a maximum certificated take-off mass of less than 7000 kg.
With regards to reduced runway separation what is CAT 3 aircraft?
Cat 3
-All other a/c that are not Cat 1 or 2
What are the conditions necessary for a controller to authorise climb or descent in VMC?
- The maneouvre is restricted to Class D,E airspace at or below FL100
- It is during the hours of daylight
- The aircraft is flying in VMC
- Pilot climbing or descending agrees to maintain his own sep. from other a/c and maneouvre is agreed by the pilot of the other a/c.
- Essential traffic info is given
When may reduced seperation in the vicinity of the aerodrome be used?
- Adequate seperation can be provided by the aerodrome controller when each aircraft is continously visible to this controller, or;
- Each a/c is continously visible to flight crews of the other a/c concerned and the pilots report they can maintain their own sep, or;
- In the case of one a/c following another, the flight crew of the succeeding a/c reports that the other a/c is in sight and sep can be maintained.
When can clearance for an IFR a/c to perform a visual approach happen?
- When requested by the flight crew
- Initiated by the controller
What are the conditions for an IFR flight to be cleared to conduct a visual approach?
An IFR flight may be cleared to execute a visual approach provided the pilot can maintain visual reference to the terrain, and;
- The reported ceiling is at or above the approved initial approach level for the a/c cleared
or, - The pilot reports at the initial approach level at any time during the instrument approach procedure that the met conditions are such that with reasonable assurance a visual approach and landing can be completed.
When shall a controller issue a caution of possible wake turbulence?
- When both a/c are of a heavy category,or;
- Preceding a/c is of a heavier wake category than the following, and the distance between them is less than the appropriate wake turbulence minimum.
What is transfer of control?
Achieved when a flight operating in accordance with the co-ordination has reached agreed position, level or time.
This can take place at;
- Agreed reporting point
- On estimate for FIR boundary
- At or passing an agreed level
- Climbing or descending to agreed level-providing standard separation exists
Why would transfer of communication take place before transfer of control?
So that instructions which become effective later can be issued.
What is co-ordination?
The act of negotation between two or more parties each vested with the authority to make executive decisions appropriate to the task being discharged.
What are the stages of coordination?
- Notification of the flight in order to prepare for co-ordination as necessary
- Coordination of conditions of transfer of control by the transferring ATC unit
- Coordination, if necessary, and acceptance of conditions of transfer of control by accepting ATC unit, and
- Transfer of control
When may an Area control centre transfer an aircraft directly to aerodrome control?
After coordination with the unit providing the approach service if the entire approach will be conducted under VMC.
Do controllers that are providing an ATAS coordinate in the same way as those providing a control service?
Yes
What are the types of separation?
- Vertical
- Horizontal
- Longitudinal
- RADAR
- Lateral
What types of lateral separation are there?
Track and geographic
To whom do we provide standard separation between?
- All flights in Class A & B airspace
- IFR flights in Class A to E
- IFR & VFR flights in class C airspace
- IFR & SVFR
- SVFR as prescribed by the appropriate authority
- As so far as possible between participating IFR flights in Class F airspace
Whom do we separate in Class G airspace?
No one, pilots use the see and be seen principle.
When shall the standard separations be increased?
- When requested by the pilot
- When deemed necessary by the controller
- When directed by the appropriate authority
What shall a controller do in the event of standard separation being lost?
Take all action necessary to reestablish the separation or achieve another form.
When considered practicable pass traffic information/ essential traffic info
What is your response to an aircraft declaring a TCAS RA?
Roger
Do not pass instructions until the a/c reports clear of conflict
When may an aircraft be allowed to climb or descend in VMC?
- Essential Traffic Information is given
- The pilot agrees to maintain his own separation from one other a/c and the manoeuvre is agreed by the pilot of the other a/c
- It is during the hours of daylight
- The a/c is flying in VMC at all times
- in Class D,or E airspace at or below 10,000ft
- The pilot informs ATC if IMC will be encountered so as to provide an alternative clearance.
What are the vertical limits of RVSM airspace?
FL290 to FL410 inclusive
What are the vertical separation minima?
1,000ft below FL290 and 2,000ft above (unless you are RVSM capable in which case it is 1,000ft up to and including FL410)
How can aircraft be cleared to change cruising level?
At a specified time, place or rate.
If an aircraft requests climb to a level already occupied by an aircraft who has priority?
The aircraft already at the level (unless the other a/c is a higher priority category)
When two a/c are at the same level who has priority?
The preceding a/c
What must a pilot do if RVSM equipment fails?
Inform ATC asap so that an alternative clearance can be issued.
When must a pilot of a Non RVSM aircraft report this status?
During operations in and when transiting through RVSM airspace, he shall make this call;
- At initial call
- in all requests for level changes
- in all readbacks of level clearances.
When can an aircraft be cleared to a level previously occupied by another aircraft?
When the vacating a/c has reported vacated except when;
- Severe turbulence is known to exist
- the higher aircraft is effecting a cruise climb
- The difference in a/c performance is such that less than the applicable separation may result
In which clearance shall be withheld until the a/c vacating the level has reported at or passing another level separated by the required minimum.
Can pilots be cleared to maintain a specified vertical separation between their aircraft when climbing or descending?
Yes, provided both pilots have agreed to the manoeuvre
How is longitudinal separation established?
By requiring a/c to;
- Depart at a specified time
- To lose time to arrive over a geographical location at a specified time
- To hold over a geographic location until a specified time.
What are the times for longitudinal separation of departing a/c and what are the conditions? ICAO
1 min- If the a/c are flying on different tracks separated by at least 45° immediately after take-off. Minima may be reduced if using lateral runways which do not cross, procedure must be approved and lateral separation must be effected immediately after take off.
2 min- provided that the preceding a/c is 40kts or more faster
5 min- when vertical separation does not exist if a departing aircraft will be flown through the level of a preceding aircraft and both propose to follow the same track.
What are the time based longitudinal separations for a/c flying on the same track and level?
15 mins- unless:
10 mins- if nav aids allow frequent determination of position and speed of a/c
5 mins- Preceding a/c is 20kts (TAS) or more faster than the proceding a/c where both have departed from the same a/d.
- Preceding a/c is 20kts (TAS) or more faster than the proceding a/c that have reported over the same reporting point.
- Preceding a/c has reported over an ERP and is 20kts (TAS) or more faster than the proceding a/c which is departing an a/d provided that 5 mins separation can be provided by the time the proceding a/c reports over the same reporting point.
3 mins- Where the preceding a/c has an TAS 40kts or more faster than the following a/c
What are the time based longitudinal separations for a/c flying at the same level where their tracks cross?
15 mins. or;
10 mins- If nav aids allow frequent determination of speed and position
What are the time based longitudinal separations for a/c flying on the same track but climbing/descending through levels? ICAO
15 mins between a/c when a/c changing level leaves a vertically separated level, when it is passing through and all the way until it is established at the new vertically separated level. ie when vertical separation does not exist.
or
10 mins- while vertical separation does not exist if navigation aids permit frequent determination of position and speed.
or
5 mins- while vertical separation does not exist provided that the level change is commenced within 10 minutes of the time the second aircraft has reported over an exact reporting point
What are the time based longitudinal separations for a/c flying on crossing tracks when climbing/ descending?
15 mins whilst vertical separation does not exist
or
10 mins whilst vertical separation does not exist- where nav aids allow frequent determination of position and speed.
What are the time based longitudinal separations for a/c flying on recipricol tracks when climbing/ descending?
Where lateral separation is not provided, vertical separation shall be provided for at least 10 minutes prior to and after:
– The time the aircraft are estimated to pass, or…
– The time the aircraft are estimated to have passed Provided that it has been determined that the aircraft have passed each other, this minimum need not apply.
What are the distance based longitudinal separations for aircraft on the same track and level?
20nm, provided;
- Each a/c utilises;
i) The same “on track” DME station when both a/c are using DME; or
ii) an “on-track” DME station and a co-located waypoint when one a/c is using DME and the other GNSS
iii) The same waypoint when both a/c are using GNSS - Separation is checked by obtaining simultaneous DME and/or GNSS readings from the aircraft at frequent intervals to ensure that the minimum will not be infringed
10nm provided;
All the same as above with additional that the preceding aircraft must have a TAS of 20kts or more faster than the succeeding a/c.
What are the distance based longitudinal separations for a/c crossing tracks?
The ‘same track’ minimum apply provided:
- Each aircraft reports distance from the DME station/co-located waypoint/same waypoint located at the crossing point of the tracks
- The relative angle between the tracks is less than 90º - i.e. crossing track
20nm provided;
-Proceeding a/c not to be heading towards to the other a/c from a frontal direction, ie its track is not within the front 180° of the first a/c
10nm provided;
-Same as 20nm but the proceeding a/c is 20kts or more faster
What are the wake turbulence separations for arriving aircraft when using a displaced threshold?
Arr L/M behind a H dep= 2mins
Arr L behind M dep= 2mins
Arr L/M behind J dep= 3 mins
or
Dep L/M behind a H arr= 2mins
Dep L behind a M arr= 2mins
Dep L/M behind J arr= 3mins
If projected flight paths are expected to cross.
What are the visual display symbols associated with TCAS?
