U4 AOS1 HWB in a global context (1) Flashcards
1
Q
Explain a limitation of Gross National (GNI) Income per capita as a measure of development
A
It does not reflect any inequality in income distribution within a country.
2
Q
A low-income country as defined by its Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
A
Low-income countries are classified as having a Gross National (GNI) per capita of US $1025 or less.
3
Q
A middle-income country as defined by its Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
A
Middle-income countries are classified as having a Gross National (GNI) per capita of between US $1026-$12 375.
4
Q
A high-income country as defined by its Gross National (GNI) per capita
A
High-income countries are classified as having a Gross National (GNI) per capita of US $12 376 or more.
5
Q
List examples of low-income countries
A
Afghanistan, Chad, Mozambique, Nepal, Sierra Leone, and Zimbabwe;
6
Q
Economic characteristics of low-income countries
A
- High levels of debt due to civil unrest as a result from wars and conflict and needing to borrow money to rebuild infrastructure
- Low average incomes as many live on less than US $1.25 per day
- Limited trade opportunities due to limited income and lower agricultural productivity that results in less resources to trade on the global market
- High levels of poverty or percentage (%) of the population in poverty that creates a big divide between the wealthy and the poor
- Low levels of welfare support as there are high levels of debt and low income which results in inadequate resources being provided to a population therefore people in need are left with nothing
- Limited, less progressed, less advanced range of industries and technological practices which reduces employment opportunities available for citizens
7
Q
Enviromental characteristics of low-income countries
A
- Poor infrastructure due to conflict and war that is incomplete, and inadequate in meeting the needs of the people
- Limited access to clean water as it resides far from residencies, and not enough in quantity to suffice the needs of a population
- Limited access to improved sanitation including hygiene education being a scarce practice
- Poor food security as there is limited access to processed, packaged and fresh foods
- Low agricultural productivity often due t harsh conditions and a lack of technology
- Low energy use due to the lack of energy for the population
- Overuse of resource such as natural resources, and may not be able to access some other necessary resources
8
Q
Social characteristics of a low-income country
A
- Low, and inadequate social support that only some can access
- Limited employment opportunities that are restricted due to travel, low pay, and a lack of protections
- High birth rates that include multiple children however lower life expectancy (LE) for children
- Low education levels that primarily include primary education with higher levels of education being difficult to access
- Inadequate healthcare system that does not meet the needs of the people, often overrun, or have exhausted resources
- Limited access to technology especially in rural and remote areas, that is less advanced
- Inadequate legal and political systems that are still establishing, filled with corruption, civil unrest, and a lack of resources, connections, and supports to promote the health and wellbeing of the people
- Inadequate housing conditions that are filled with disparities, and often overcrowded
- Lack of opportunities for social justice that may not be viewed as important compared to other issues that some groups may experience more than others
9
Q
Economic characteristics of a middle-income country
A
- Reduced level of debt due to improvements in civil relationships and peace, as well as borrowing less money to build infrastructure
- Improved income however it may still be limited for particular populations
- Improved trade opportunities that come as a result of improving income and agricultural productivity which allows for more resources for trade and to enter the global market
- Decreasing levels of poverty or the percentage (%) of a population in poverty, however there can still be relatively high levels of poverty seen through a big divide between wealthy and poor especially due to education and employment
- Increasing welfare support due to lower levels of debt and increasing income means that those who need more supports may start to receive something, however, still might not have the resources to provide adequate support to a whole population
- Increasing number of industries creates more employment opportunities, however, still likely to have less advanced technological practices than high-income countries
10
Q
Environmental characteristics of a middle-income country
A
- Improved infrastructure that is developing in quality, however still unlikely to fully meet the needs of a population
- Relatively easy access to clean water however, some may still need to travel a distance to collect, and may not be able to use it for other needs
- Improved sanitation as living standards improve, as residents are more likely to be able to access sanitation in their own home
- Improved access to food however, this causes a rise in a double burden of disease
- Relatively good agricultural productivity however there is still limited technology
- Improved energy use as more people have access to it, however, the energy is not renewable therefore that are environmental impacts
- Overuse of resource such as natural resources, and may not be able to access some other necessary resources
11
Q
Social characteristics of a middle-income country
A
- Improved social support that exists however, still not available for all who need it
- Improved employment opportunities that are substantially better than low-income countries, but the pay can still be inadequate with restrictions, and a lack of protections
- Lower and steady birthrates
- Improved education levels with secondary school becoming a more common achievement but university level is still hard to obtain
- Improved healthcare system however, it is still an inadequate system that does not meet the needs of the people, often overrun, or have exhausted resources
- Accessible and advanced technology in urban areas, however limited access in rural and remote areas
- Improved stability of legal and political systems in high-middle income countries but some systems can still be reflective of low-income legal and political systems
- Improved living standards however there are disparities in who gets what between males and females, with overcrowding being common (e.g., children sharing rooms)
- Increased emphasis on social justice with more opportunities on it
12
Q
Economic characteristics of a high-income country
A
- Low levels of debt due to established infrastructure, political systems, and trade
- Higher incomes allows for improved employment opportunities and policies
- Higher trade opportunities with good strong opportunities and relationships
- Low levels of poverty with a low percentage (%) of the population living in poverty
- Good welfare supports that are accessible, adequate, and are numerous
- Good industries that develop a country, but secondarily provide an income (e.g., tourism)
13
Q
Environmental characteristics of a high-income country
A
- Good infrastructure that s modernised, adequate, and meet a population standard
- Good access to clean water with the majority of the population having in and out of home access to clean water in multiple locations
- Good access to improved sanitation with the majority of the population having in and out of home access to improved sanitation in multiple locations
- Good access to food that us adequate which includes fresh produce, packaged with systems such as Health Star Rating for consumer education
- High agricultural productivity that meets the needs of the population and trade goals
- High energy use with a focus on renewable sources
- Good use of resources with a better understanding of the needs however overuse of resources can still be seen
14
Q
Social characteristics of a high-income country
A
- Good social support available that is accessible for those in need able to be tailored to individual need
- Good employment opportunities for all people including promotions and adequate protections
- Low birth rates that are low and steady
- Good education levels with secondary school being a common achievement and a natural progression to complete university and further education
- Good healthcare systems with adequate, accessible, and timely care, however medical experts and technology can be costly
- Good access to technology with all people being able to access technology, with greater access than others by those presiding in urban areas
- Good legal and political systems that are stable, and often democratic
- High living standards with a lack of overcrowding, adequate sanitation, that reflect on shelter as a prerequisite
- Good social justice opportunities with greater emphasis on its importance due to better stability in other key areas seen in high-income countries
15
Q
Health adjusted life-expectancy (HALE)
A
The number of years in full health (free of disease or disability) that a person can expect to live based on current rates of ill-health and mortality, if death rates do not change.
