U3 AOS1 Understanding HWB (2)

Question 1

The social gradient of health

Answer 1

The higher a person’s income, education, or occupation level, the healthier they tend to be.

Question 2

Peace

Answer 2

Peace means living with others on the basis of tolerance, respect, and mutual understanding. Peace is much more than just an absence of war or conflict. It also means access to education, health, and essential services, developing sustainably and protecting the planet’s biodiversity.

Question 3

Shelter

Answer 3

Shelter means more than a roof over one’s head. It also means but is not limited to adequate privacy, space, and security. It means structural stability adequate lighting, heating, ventilation, basic infrastructure, such as water-supply, sanitation and waste management facilities and suitable environmental quality at an affordable cost.

Question 4

Education

Answer 4

Ensuring that all children can complete a full course of primary and secondary schooling and that everyone can gain the skills they need to gain meaningful employment. Education has a strong association with employment opportunities, level of literacy skills and level of income.

Question 5

Equity

Answer 5

Equity is about all people within a community being required to receive fair treatment at all times.

Question 6

Social justice

Answer 6

Social justice is when all people are treated fairly and experience equal rights in a society. This results in everyone having access to the resources needed, such as food, clean water, shelter, education, employment, and healthcare.

Question 7

Sustainable resources

Answer 7

Enable natural systems to function, remain diverse and produce what is required for the ecology to remain in balance; maintaining current living practices while also ensuring these resources will be available for future generations.

Question 8

Stable ecosystem

Answer 8

Achieving a balance between the living (plants, animals, people, and micro-organisms such as bacteria) and non-living (weather, rocks, water and soil) components of an area. Stability indicates that all living things are having their needs for food, air, water, shelter, and reproduction met without causing detrimental effects to the natural environment.

Question 9

Food

Answer 9

Food is a fundamental human right. All people should have access to a safe, culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate diet through a sustainable food system.

Question 10

Income

Answer 10

The income of both the country and the individual influences the ability of communities to access other conditions that are essential for optimal health, such as clean water and good sanitation, adequate nutrition, adequate housing and warmth, education, and access to a functioning and inclusive healthcare system.

Question 11

Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)

Answer 11

Measures the number of deaths of women who are pregnant, or in the first 42 days after giving birth or termination, usually expressed per 100, 000 live births.

Question 12

List the biological factors that contribute to differences in health status

Answer 12

Genetic disorders and predisposition, blood pressure, blood cholesterol, body weight, birthweight, age, and hormone release.

Question 13

Genetic disorders

Answer 13

Genes include all the things that are inherited from parents via DNA at the moment of conception. Additionally, genetic disorders are conditions caused by mutations in one or more genes.

Inheritance of DNA variants or mutations that change genes affects change in the way the body works or develops.

Question 14

Genetic predisposition

Answer 14

The increased risk of disease development as a result of inheritance of specific genomes and genetic sequences from parents.

Genetic predisposition to asthma will negatively impact the functioning of the respiratory system thereby reducing opportunities for individuals to engage in physical activity.

Question 15

Hormone release

Answer 15

Chemical substances produced by the body that send messages to different parts of the body to cause change or to affect tissues.

Question 16

Blood cholesterol

Answer 16

Cholesterol is a fat-based chemical carried in lipoproteins. Conditions of high cholesterol are when cholesterol is not cleared from the bloodstream and can lead to poor HWB.

Atherosclerosis can lead to narrow arteries which can affect the flow of blood to the hear thereby decreasing in O2 blood and causing coronary heart dis ease.

Question 17

Blood pressure

Answer 17

The measurement of the pressure of blood in the arteries. Fluctuations in blood pressure due to different factors (e.g., exercise) are normal however persistently high blood pressure (i.e., hypertension) can lead to serious health problems.

Hypertension leads the heart to work too hard which contributes to increase risk of heart failure which can reduce the blood flow to your hear thereby causing a heart attack.

Question 18

Birthweight

Answer 18

The first weight of the newborn measured immediately after birth. Birthweight of less than 2.5g is considered low. The two main reasons why a baby may be born with low birthweight: premature birth or foetal growth restriction.

Question 19

Age

Answer 19

The number of years or life an individual has lived that results in the deterioration of body systems due to various forms of cellular damage that occur over time. This damage can cause a reduction of both physical and mental function and make the individual more susceptible to diseases.

Question 20

Bodyweight

Answer 20

An individual’s weight measured in kilograms influenced by genetics and body functions such as metabolism, and subject to change due to lifestyle choices. BMI is a widely accepted approximate measurement of whether an individual’s body weight is of concern related to their health and wellbeing.

Question 21

Underweight effects on HWB

Answer 21

Underweight is associated with a lack of nutrition therefore having low energy levels which impact on mood and lead to poorer concentration.

Question 22

Overweight effects on HWB

Answer 22

Overweight leads to self-esteem issues (i.e., mental health and wellbeing).

Question 23

Healthy weight effect on HWB

Answer 23

Healthy weight is associated with more opportunities to participate in exercise and social events (i.e., social health and wellbeing).

Question 24

Low birthweight effect on HWB

Answer 24

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS): Babies with RDS don’t have a protein called surfactant that keeps small air sacs in the lungs from collapsing.

Question 25

Premature birth

Answer 25

Premature birth is when a baby is born before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy.

Question 26

Foetal growth restriction

Answer 26

Foetal growth restriction is when the foetus doesn’t gain an appropriate amount of weight before birth due to problems with the placenta, infections, the age of the mother.

Question 27

Atherosclerosis

Answer 27

High levels of plaque build-up in the arteries.

Question 28

Overweight

Answer 28

A condition in which a person’s weight is 10 to 20 per cent higher than ‘normal’, as defined by a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to 30.

Question 29

Obesity

Answer 29

A condition in which a person’s weight is 20 per cent or more above ‘normal’ weight, or they have a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more.

Question 30

Biological factors

Answer 30

Factors relating to the body that impact on health and wellbeing and thus overall levels of health status.

Question 31

Body mass index (BMI)

Answer 31

BMI is calculated by dividing your weight in kilograms by your height in metres, squared. This calculation provides a number that can be categorised as underweight, normal weight, class I obesity (overweight), class II obesity (obese) and class III obesity (extreme).

Question 32

High-density lipoproteins (HDL)

Answer 32

Considered “good” cholesterol. This is because HDL absorbs cholesterol and carries it back to the liver where it can be removed from your bloodstream before it builds up in your arteries.

Question 33

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

Answer 33

Considered “bad” cholesterol. This is because LDL cholesterol collects in the walls of arteries and can eventually narrow the passageways.

Question 34

List the sociocultural factors that contribute to differences in health status

Answer 34

Social networks (family; peers and community), socioeconomic status, level of education, employment status, overcrowding and homelessness, and access to health information.

Question 35

Homelessness

Answer 35

A multifaceted term, however, it generally refers to a person not having access to a safe and adequate place to stay on a regular basis.