U3 AOS2 Road Safety (3)

Question 1

List the factors that can promote road safety

Answer 1

Safer roads, safer drivers, safer vehicles, and safer road laws;

Question 2

Road safety

Answer 2

Refers to any action taken, or modification made to prevent road users from being injured or losing their lives.

Question 3

Road users

Answer 3

Can include pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, motor vehicle passengers, motor vehicle drivers and users of on-road public transport such as buses or trams.

Question 4

Using three examples, explain why road safety is targetted

Answer 4

Some population groups such as younger drivers, males and those in rural areas are more likely to be affected by road accidents;

Deaths from transport accidents are preventable;

Road crashes have a significant economic impact on the Australian Government and those who are injured due to the cost of treatment, rehabilitation, social security payments, lost productivity, cost of care and lost income ;

Question 5

List two health promotions to address road safety

Answer 5

Towards Zero, and Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP);

Question 6

Towards Zero

Answer 6

Takes a community approach to road safety, and the strategy is developed around the belief that everyone must take responsibility. Believes it is vital for Victoria to create a system that can absorb drivers’ mistakes and it invests in safer roads, speeds, vehicles, and people.

Question 7

Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP)

Answer 7

Australia’s leading vehicle safety advocate which provides information on the level of protection provided by different vehicle models in the most common crashes and their ability to avoid crashes through undertaking crash testing. Vehicles are awarded a safety rating between one and five to guide consumers in regard to safety in the event of a crash. Aims to improve road safety not only by making consumers more aware of the safety of the vehicle they are purchasing, but also through encouraging car manufacturers to make their vehicles safer.

Question 8

List the principle of Towards Zero

Answer 8

Human health is paramount, people make mistakes, people are fragile, people have a limited tolerance to physical forces, and road safety is a shared responsibility.

Question 9

Describe Australasian New Car Assessment Program’s vision

Answer 9

Safe vehicles for all and to work with members and partners to eliminate road trauma through assessment, market influence and consumer advocacy.

Question 10

Ottawa Charter

Answer 10

Outlines guidelines to help organisations and key stakeholders incorporate healthy promotion ideas into strategies, policies, and campaigns. It is a method adopted by Australia as a means or promoting health.

Question 11

List the strategies for health promotion outlined by the Ottawa Charter

Answer 11

Enable, mediate, and advocate;

Question 12

Enable

Answer 12

Ensuring equal resources (i.e., education, and employment) and opportunities are available to all people to allow them to achieve equal and fullest health potential.

Question 13

Mediate

Answer 13

Resolve conflict to produce outcomes that promote health. Additionally it refers to professional and social groups and health personnel have a major responsibility to mediate between differing interests in society for the pursuit of health.

Question 14

Advocate

Answer 14

Actions that seek to gain support to make changes to improve health determinants for everyone.

Question 15

Health promotion

Answer 15

The process of enabling people to increase control over the factors of health and thereby improve their health (e.g., social marketing, education, legislation, and regulations that aim to change the social, political, and physical environment to promote behaviours).

Question 16

What can the decline in death rates in the first half of the century be attributed to?

Answer 16

The control of infectious diseases, better hygiene, improved sanitation, better control of bacteria, viruses and parasites, improved nutrition and an improved understanding of dehydration.

Question 17

Cardiovascular disease

Answer 17

Circulatory or cardiovascular disease include a group of disease that impact the heart and blood vessels that have two main components: diseases of the heart (cardio) and diseases of the blood vessels (vascular). These include diseases such as heart attack, stroke or coronary heart disease.

Question 18

Cancer

Answer 18

A group of conditions in all body parts where the cells become abnormal and multiply.

Question 19

Respiratory diseases

Answer 19

Respiratory diseases refer to conditions that affect the airways, lungs, and breathing. These include asthma, pneumonia, influenza, cystic fibrosis etc.

Question 20

Injury and poisoning

Answer 20

Deaths that include those from motor vehicle accidents, suicide, assault, poisoning, drowning, burns, falls, and complications from care or surgery.

Question 21

Injury

Answer 21

Consists of physical damage to the body and can refer to either intentional harm, such as suicide or unintentional harm, such as falls, poisoning, drowning, burns or transport-related injuries.

Question 22

Infectious diseases

Answer 22

Infectious or communicable diseases caused by organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that can be spread from person to person by air, food, water, intimate objects, or by direct and indirect contact. These include a range of conditions such as tuberculosis, hepatises, smallpox etc.

Question 23

Vaccinations

Answer 23

The introduction of childhood vaccination has decreased the deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases. Vaccinations provide immunity (i.e., orally or via injection) against infectious diseases.

Question 24

Immunisation

Answer 24

The decline in infant deaths is due to improved neonatal care, improved quality of neonatal healthcare, increased community awareness, improved sanitation and hygiene, and reductions in vaccine-preventable diseases due to immunisation programs. Making someone immune to infection or disease, typically due to vaccination.

Question 25

List some examples of actions to improve public health include the governments action to..

Answer 25

Improve the level of immunisation of the population, improve sanitation, sewerage systems and waste management systems, and implement screening programs for diseases such as breast cancer.

Question 26

List 3 advantages of the pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS)

Answer 26

It provides access to essential medication at a subsidised rate or, in some cases, no cost, it enables access to medications from local pharmacies and does not require medications to be purchased from specialised services, and it includes the PBS safety net and the RPBS that further protect people from the high cost of medication.

Question 27

List 3 disadvantages of the pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS)

Answer 27

It places a significant financial burden on the Commonwealth Government, it does not generally cover all medications, and for most Australians, there is still a co-payment of $30.00.

Question 28

How is the PBS funded?

Answer 28

The PBS is funded by the Commonwealth Government through taxes.

Question 29

The money spent on the PBS is intended to..

Answer 29

Decrease Australia’s burden of disease, reduce pressure on the healthcare system by preventing the development of serious conditions, and in reducing the need for hospital stays and other demands.

Question 30

Upon which 3 factors do they assess which medications are placed on the PBS?

Answer 30

Medications are assessed based on their effectiveness, safety, and cost-effectiveness.

Question 31

List 3 reasons why individuals may choose to take out private health insurance

Answer 31

To reduce the waiting period for some nonemergency procedures in private hospitals, to give them a choice to be treated in a private hospital, and to possibly entitle them to their own room in a hospital.

Question 32

List the two reasons why we need private health insurance

Answer 32

To support the public health system, and to support all Australians.

Question 33

Explain how private health insurance supports the public health system

Answer 33

The public health system is supported through payments made on behalf of insured patients covered by private health insurance.

Question 34

Explain how private health insurance supports all Australians

Answer 34

Australians are living longer than ever before, and it is important that they have access to the care and support they need to live long and healthy lives. As the population ages there will be more pressure on our health system to deliver more medical services, and it is important that the Australian healthcare system is able to adapt to the increased demands. Private health insurance helps to ease these extra demands.

Question 35

Premiums

Answer 35

The amount you pay for your health insurance every month.