U4 AOS1 Health & wellbeing in a global context (2)

Question 1

Atlas method

Answer 1

A monetary conversion factor to reduce the impact of exchange rate fluctuations in the comparison of income between countries by looking at exchange rates over three years.

Question 2

Double burden of disease

Answer 2

The issue of under-nutrition and communicable diseases existing alongside the issue of non-communicable disease, particularly for those in urban areas.

Question 3

Expected years of schooling

Answer 3

The total number of years of schooling which the total number of years of schooling expected for a child of school entry age.

Question 4

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita

Answer 4

Value of a country’s total annual income, expressed in US dollars converted from local currency using the atlas method, and divided by its population to indicate the average income of the country’s citizens.

Question 5

Gross domestic product

Answer 5

The total value of goods produced, and services provided in a country for one year.

Question 6

Human development

Answer 6

The creation of an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. Additionally, it means expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities having access to knowledge, health, and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and the decisions affecting their lives.

Question 7

Human development index

Answer 7

A comparison tool introduced by the UN that measured human progress and development through combining the data of four indicators, which reflect three different dimensions of Human Development. The dimension of ‘a long and healthy life’ is measured by life expectancy of birth. The dimension of ‘knowledge’ is measured by both mean and expected years of schooling, and the dimension ‘a decent standard of living’ is measured by Gross National Income per capita to produce ranked index number between 0 and 1. The closer to 1, the higher their level of human development is considered to be.

Question 8

Low birthweight

Answer 8

The weight of a baby at birth that is less than 2500g.

Question 9

Non-communicable diseases

Answer 9

Diseases that are not passed from person to person but rather they are due to the damage caused to the body from a range of risk factors, including biological factors (e.g., gender, age, blood pressure, body weight, blood cholesterol or blood glucose levels) sociocultural factors, environmental factors, and behaviours (diet, physical activity levels, sun protection behaviours, tobacco, and alcohol use) or a combination of these.

Question 10

Perinatal conditions

Answer 10

A condition occurring in the baby during the period shortly before or after birth, usually up to 28 days after.

Question 11

Sustainability

Answer 11

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It embraces concern for quality of life, for equity between people, for intergenerational equity, and for social and ethical dimensions of human welfare.

Question 12

Sustainable development

Answer 12

The many examples of action that can be taken as part of a broad process, plan, or pathway to achieve this goal.

Question 13

Opportunities

Answer 13

Providing people with more freedom to live a life that they value and with a range of skills, abilities, and the opportunities to use them.

Question 14

Choice

Answer 14

People being provided with opportunities and being given the choice to make use of them.

Question 15

People

Answer 15

People being provided with opportunities and being given the choice to make use of them.

Question 16

Access to safe water

Answer 16

Access to sufficient, physically accessible when needed, consistently reliable, and affordable water that when consumed will not be detrimental to health and is free from any form of contaminants.

Question 17

Cholera

Answer 17

An acute bacterial infection of the intestinal tract and is associated with contaminated water and unhygienic environments. Cholera causes sever attacks of diarrhoea that without treatment can lead to acute dehydration and death in both adults and children within hours.

Question 18

Cycle of poverty

Answer 18

A phenomenon where poor families become impoverished for at least three generations.

Question 19

Descrimination

Answer 19

When a person, or a group of people, is treated less favorably than another person or group because of their background or certain personal characteristics such as age, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation or socioeconomic status.

Question 20

Poverty

Answer 20

People who are living in abject or extreme poverty are people who live on less than US $1.90 a day. Additionally, those who lack an access to resources such as food, safe water, sanitation, healthcare services, shelter and essential goods.

Question 21

Racial descrimination

Answer 21

Racial discrimination occurs when a person is treated less favourably, or not given the same opportunities, as others in a similar situation because of their race, the country they were born in, their ethnic origin or their skin colour.

Question 22

Sexual descrimination

Answer 22

Sex refers to the biological characteristics that determine a person as man or woman.

Question 23

Sanitation

Answer 23

Interventions that reduce human exposure to disease by providing a clean environment in which to live involving both behaviours and facilities which work together to form a hygienic environment by safely separating human waste from human contact.

Question 24

Religious descrimination

Answer 24

Treating a person differently or unfavourably because of their religious beliefs.

Question 25

Access to safe water and waterborne diseases

Answer 25

• Cholera remains a major public health problem affecting low-income populations with no proper access to adequate drinking water
• Other waterborne diseases such as typhoid increase rates of DALYs attributed to life lost as a result of premature death

Question 26

Access to safe water and malnutrition

Answer 26

Inadequate access to safe water often results in a lack of sufficient water to grow food and keep their livestock alive in rural communities affected by droughts which results in farms withering and income reducing and malnutrition increasing.

Question 27

List some of the factors that contribute to an unsanitary environment

Answer 27

Poor access to amenities for washing cooking, and going to the toilet, overcrowded living conditions, inappropriate housing, poor drainage, a lack of developed sewerage systems and insufficient knowledge about the spread of infectious diseases;

Question 28

Sanitation and disease

Answer 28

Tropical disease, trachoma, intestinal worms, cholera, and malnutrition are all associated with poor sanitation in low- and middle-income countries;

Question 29

Sanitation and injury

Answer 29

Without adequate toilets, women and girls often wait until night to find a place outside, away from the home, to defecate which leaves them susceptible to abuse, injury and sexual assault;

Question 30

List some of the consequences of a country experiencing poverty

Answer 30

Low literacy and immunization rates, high maternal and infant mortality and high rates of infectious diseases;

Question 31

List some of the consequences of a family experiencing poverty

Answer 31

Families living in poverty or who have low incomes (even when members are in employment) have few opportunities and choices to improve their situation;

Question 32

Poverty and education in high-income countries

Answer 32

Education is compulsory from the ages of 5 to 15–16 years and public education is generally funded by the government so that families are not forced to choose between spending money on essential life-sustaining resources or educating children. With greater levels of education, skills and knowledge, the burden of disease is reduced.

Question 33

Poverty and education in low-income countries

Answer 33

Often the children are not able to attend school (or only for a few years) because they are needed to help at home or earn money for the family to survive, and without an education, these children lack opportunity to earn a decent income and will most likely remain in poverty throughout their adult lives.

Question 34

Affect of racial descrimination

Answer 34

All victims of racism can experience reduced social health and wellbeing from bullying and social exclusion, as well as poor physical health and wellbeing due to injury from violence and assaults, high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.

Question 35

Affect of sexual descrimination

Answer 35

In high-income countries, women’s and girls’ rights are protected against early marriage, child labor and exploitation. Yet in many low- and middle-income countries, the status and treatment of women lag behind those of men in almost all areas, including access to education, income, employment, and legal rights such as land ownership.