U3 AOS2 Topic 5 Changes in Australias Health Status Flashcards
01 Improvements in health status 02 Old public health 03 The biomedical model 04 Development of the social model of health and the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 05 The relationship between the biomedical and social models
What is the life expectancy for males in Australia in 2022?
81.2 years
This reflects a significant increase from 53.8 years in 1900.
What is the life expectancy for females in Australia in 2022?
85.3 years
This is an increase from 57.5 years in 1900.
What trend has been observed in mortality rates in Australia over time?
Decreased significantly
This trend is linked to improvements in health status.
What major factor has contributed to the improvement in health status in Australia?
Decline in infant and under-5 mortality rates
This decline has significantly impacted overall life expectancy.
Since 1900, how have the patterns of diseases responsible for deaths changed?
They have changed significantly
This includes shifts in the types of diseases and conditions.
List the five broad categories of diseases and conditions responsible for deaths.
- Infectious and parasitic diseases
- Cancers (neoplasms)
- Injury and poisoning
- Respiratory diseases
- Cardiovascular diseases
These categories reflect the major health challenges over time.
What were the most common causes of death in Australia in the first part of the twentieth century?
Infectious and parasitic diseases contributed to 13 per cent of all deaths.
What living conditions contributed to outbreaks of diseases in early twentieth century Australia?
Poor living conditions.
Which diseases had the greatest impact on children in early twentieth century Australia?
- Diarrhoea
- Cholera
- Smallpox
- Polio
- Tuberculosis
- Measles
- Whooping cough
- Diphtheria
What interventions contributed to the significant decrease in deaths caused by infectious and parasitic diseases over time?
- Provision of safe water
- Sanitation
- Mass vaccination programs
- Improvements in nutrition
- Improvements in education
Fill in the blank: Living conditions in early twentieth century Australia were _______.
[poor]
True or False: Infectious and parasitic diseases were a minor cause of death in Australia in the early twentieth century.
False
What trend did cancer death rates follow throughout the twentieth century?
Increased throughout the century, peaking in the mid-1980s before gradually falling.
This trend reflects various factors, including smoking rates and medical advancements.
What was a significant cause of the rise in cancer death rates in the early twentieth century?
Increase in lung cancer due to high rates of cigarette smoking in the 1920s.
Cigarette smoking was prevalent and contributed to lung cancer cases.
What role did advances in medical technology play in cancer mortality rates?
Assisted in decreasing mortality rates due to cancer through early detection.
Early detection methods have been crucial in improving patient outcomes.
Which types of cancers have seen reductions in both incidence and mortality rates?
Breast, bowel, and cervical cancers.
These reductions are attributed to improved screening and treatment options.
What are two major types of cardiovascular diseases mentioned?
Coronary heart disease and stroke
These have been significant causes of death since 1900.
When did death rates from cardiovascular diseases peak?
Mid-1960s
This period marked the highest death rates for cardiovascular diseases.
What trend has been observed in death rates from cardiovascular diseases since the mid-1960s?
Decline in death rates
Despite the decline, cardiovascular diseases remain a major cause of death.
True or False: Cardiovascular diseases are no longer a major cause of death in Australia.
False
They continue to be one of the major causes of death.
Since what year have cardiovascular diseases been recognized as major causes of death?
1900
This marks the beginning of significant data on cardiovascular diseases.
What are some examples of respiratory diseases?
COVID-19, pneumonia, influenza, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
These diseases affect the respiratory system and can lead to significant health issues.
Which two diseases contributed to death rates due to respiratory diseases in 1900?
Pneumonia and influenza were a leading cause of death in the 1900s
These diseases were prevalent and lethal due to limited medical interventions at the time.
What factors assisted in decreasing mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases?
Provision of safe drinking water, sanitation, mass vacination programmes, improved education and nutrition.
These interventions led to a gradual decrease in mortality rates over time
What contributed to high death rates from respiratory diseases between 2020 and 2023?
Death rates from COVID-19
The pandemic significantly impacted overall mortality rates due to respiratory conditions.
In what year did COVID-19 enter the top five leading causes of death in Australia?
2022
This was the first time in more than 50 years that an infectious disease was the leading cause of death in Australia
True or False: COVID-19 was the first infectious disease to be a leading cause of death in Australia in over 50 years.
True
This indicates a shift in health trends and the impact of the pandemic.
What are the main causes of deaths from injury and poisoning?
Motor vehicle accidents, other accidents, suicide, assault, poisoning, drowning, burns, falls, complications from medical and surgical care.
By how much have death rates from injury and poisoning changed since 1900?
More than halved for both males and females.
When did the most rapid decline in death rates from injury and poisoning occur?
From the 1970s.
What public health actions contributed to the decrease in death rates from injury and poisoning?
Compulsory wearing of seatbelts introduced in 1970, workplace safety regulations.
True or False: Death rates from injury and poisoning have increased since 1900.
False.
Fill in the blank: Deaths from injury and poisoning include complications from _______.
[medical and surgical care].
List three types of accidents that contribute to deaths from injury and poisoning.
- Motor vehicle accidents
- Drowning
- Falls
What is public health?
How did poor living conditions in the 1900s contribute to disease?
What was ‘old’ public health?
What were the primary aims of ‘old’ public health initiatives?
How did government interventions help reduce the spread of disease in the 1900s?
Why is public health still important today?
Old public health initiatives were primarily aimed at treating chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease.
False (They were focused on preventing infectious diseases through environmental improvements.)
Public health focuses on ________________, ________________, and ________________ health status while preventing disease.
monitoring, regulating, promoting
