Types of end feels

Question 1

Describe a bone-to-bone (hard) end feel and give an example of where this is normal.

Answer 1

It is a hard unyielding sensation that is painless.

An example would be elbow extension

Question 2

Describe sod-tissue approximation (mushy) end feel and give an example where this is normal.

Answer 2

Type of end feel where there is a yielding compression that stops further movement

An example includes elbow and knee flexion

Question 3

Provide an example of a springy (tissue stretch) end feel and give an example where this is normal.

Answer 3

May have a hard or firm type of movement with a slight give. Towards end of ROM there is a springy or elastic resistance. Seen where capsule and ligaments are the primary restraints of movement.

An example would include ankle DF, shoulder ER, finger extension

Question 4

According to Cyriax, what are the 5 abnormal end feels?

Answer 4

Muscle spasm: Sudden and hard stop of movement often with pain. (spasticity slightly different)

Capsular: Similar to tissue stretch, but occurs earlier in ROM. Can be a thicker feel (use mobilizations)

Bone to-bone (bony): Hard end feel seen with restricted ROM (seen with osteophyte formation)

Empty: Movement produces considerable pain (can’t feel the end of ROM because of pain)

Springy Block: Found in joints with menisci, similar to tissue stretch with a rebound effect (indicates internal derangement of joint)

Question 5

Describe the difference between a hard capsular and soft capsular end feel.

Answer 5

Hard Capsular: End feel is thicker stretching quality to it (seen more in chronic conditions)

Soft Capsular (boggy): Similar to tissue stretch, but lacks normal ROM (seen more in acute conditions)